A preliminary mapping of individual, relational, and social factors that impede disclosure of childhood sexual abuse
Abstract
Uncovering the pathways to disclosures of child sexual abuse (CSA) and the factors influencing the willingness of victims to talk about the abuse is paramount to the development of powerful practice and policy initiatives. Framed as a long interview method utilizing a grounded theory approach to analyze data, the objective of the current study was to provide a preliminary mapping of the barriers to CSA disclosures through an ecological systemic lens, from a sample of 67 male and female CSA adult survivors, all of whom had recently received counselling services. The current project led to the identification of three broad categories of barriers that were each comprised of several subthemes, namely: Barriers from Within (internalized victim-blaming, mechanisms to protect oneself, and immature development at time of abuse); Barriers in Relation to Others (violence and dysfunction in the family, power dynamics, awareness of the impact of telling, and fragile social network); and Barriers in Relation to the Social World (labelling, taboo of sexuality, lack of services available, and culture or time period). This study points to the importance of using a broad ecological framework to understand the factors that inhibit disclosure of CSA, as barriers to disclosure do not constrain solely the victims. Results are discussed in light of their implications for research, prevention and intervention programs, and social policies and media campaigns, as the burden is on the larger community to create a climate of safety and transparency that makes the telling of CSA possible.
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Families with rigidly fixed gender roles, patriarchal attitudes, power imbalances, other forms of child abuse and domestic violence, chaotic family structure, dysfunctional communication, and social isolation have been found to suppress disclosure.
“Families with rigidly fixed gender roles, patriarchal attitudes, power imbalances, other forms of child abuse and domestic violence, chaotic family structure, dysfunctional communication, and social isolation have been found to suppress disclosure”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Disclosure processes are shaped by the interaction of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors.
“According to this person-in-environment approach, disclosure processes are shaped by the interaction of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors.”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
In prior research, fear of labeling effects was considered a contextual reason.
“In prior research, fear of labeling effects was considered a contextual reason and denoted, for instance, the fear of stigmas associated with rigid gender roles (e.g., being perceived as gay, weak, or “impure”; Collin-Vézina et al., 2015; Zinzow et al., 2022).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Research continues to show high rates of delayed CSA disclosures.
“research continues to show high rates of delayed disclosures”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina, Sablonni, Palmer, & Milne, 2015
Research shows a large number of survivors only disclosing in adulthood.
“research showing a large number of survivors only disclosing in adulthood”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
In Collin-Vézina et al. (2015), three broad categories were identified as barriers to CSA disclosure: barriers from within, barriers in relation to others, and barriers in relation to the social world.
“Three broad categories were identified as barriers to CSA disclosure: Barriers from within-internalized victim blaming, mechanisms to protect oneself, and immature development at time of abuse; barriers in relation to others—violence and dysfunction in the family, power dynamics, awareness of the impact of telling, and fragile social network; barriers in relation to the social world labeling, tabo”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina, Sablonni, Palmer, and Milne (2015)
In Collin-Vézina et al. (2015), half of the participants had not disclosed their CSA experiences before the age of 19.
“Half of the participants had not disclosed their CSA experiences before the age of 19.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina, Sablonni, Palmer, and Milne (2015)
A child victim's anticipation of a negative response to disclosure, especially that they may not be believed by others outside their family such as neighbors or other community members, deters disclosure.
“Additionally, a child victim’s anticipation of a negative response to disclosure, especially that they may not be believed by others outside their family such as neighbors or other community members, has shown to deter disclosure”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Knowledge construction has shifted from predominantly intrapersonal factors of child victims to fuller social-ecological, person-in-environment explanations.
“Where at one time factors examined and identified were predominantly of intrapersonal factors of child victims, knowledge construction has shifted to fuller social–ecological, person-in-environment explanations”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
CSA disclosures are too often delayed until adulthood.
“Disclosure is now generally accepted as a complex and lifelong process, with current trends showing that CSA disclosures are too often delayed until adulthood”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Collin-Vézina, Sablonni, Palmer, and Milne (2015), based on a sample of 67 adult survivors, identified three broad categories that impede CSA disclosure: barriers from within, barriers in relation to others, and barriers in relation to the social world.
“Subsequently, based on a sample of 67 adult survivors, Collin-Vézina, Sablonni, Palmer, and Milne (2015) identified three broad categories, closely aligned with an ecological framework that impede CSA disclosure: (1) barriers from within, (2) barriers in relation to others, and (3) barriers in relation to the social world which can be aligned to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina, Sablonni, Palmer, and Milne (2015)
Rates of disclosure increase with age, especially into adulthood, supported by persistent findings of high rates of delayed disclosure reported later in the life course by adult survivors.
“A second pattern which emerged is that rates of disclosure increase with age, especially into adulthood, which is supported by persistent findings of high rates of delayed disclosure reported later in the life course by adult survivors”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Families with a patriarchal structure, rigidly fixed gender roles, dysfunctional communication, other forms of abuse (i.e., domestic violence), and isolation inhibit disclosure.
“Family relations: Families with a patriarchal structure, rigidly fixed gender roles, dysfunctional communication, other forms of abuse (i.e., domestic violence), and isolation inhibit disclosure”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Shame, self-blame, and fear are psychological barriers to disclosure.
“Internal: Shame, self-blame, and fear are psychological barriers.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Internal factors that facilitate disclosures include symptoms that become unbearable, getting older with increased developmental efficacy, and realizing that an offence was committed.
“Internal factors that facilitate disclosures include symptoms that become unbearable, getting older with increased developmental efficacy, and realizing that an offence was committed (Collin-Vézina et al., 2015; Crisma et al., 2004; Easton, 2013; Hershkowitz et al. 2007; McElavaney, Greene, & Hogan, 2014; Schaeffer et al., 2011).”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Barriers in relation to the social world were identified as stigmatization, the negative labeling of sexual abuse victims, and taboos surrounding sexuality and talking about sex as driven by cultural norms.
“Further, barriers in relation to the social world were identified as stigmatization, the negative labeling of sexual abuse victims, and taboos surrounding sexuality and talking about sex as driven by cultural norms (Collin-Vézina et al., 2015; Fontes & Plummer, 2010).”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
Disclosure can be hindered when involved and supportive community members are not available, or not trained in sensitive responses, or when child victims anticipate not being believed by neighbors and other people outside the family.
“disclosure can be hindered when involved and supportive community members are not available, or not trained in sensitive responses, or when child victims anticipate not being believed by neighbors and other people outside the family (Alaggia, 2010; Collin-Vézina et al., 2015).”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Collin-Vézina et al., 2015
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Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016)
Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017697312 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
“A second pattern which emerged is that rates of disclosure increase with age, especially into adulthood, which is supported by persistent findings of high rates of delayed disclosure reported later in the life course by adult survivors (Collings et al., 2005; Collin-Vézina et al., 2015 ; Easton, 2013; Jonzon & Linblad…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors
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Self-citationRecipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review
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Self-citationMathews, B., Lee, X. J., & Norman, R. E. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Factors related to delayed disclosure among victims of child sexual abuse in Singapore
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“In prior research, fear of labeling effects was considered a contextual reason and denoted, for instance, the fear of stigmas associated with rigid gender roles (e.g., being perceived as gay, weak, or “ impure ” ; Collin-Vézina et al., 2015; Zinzow et al., 2022).”
Influential
- Authors
- Collin-Vézina, D., De La Sablonnière-Griffin, M., Palmer, A. M., & Milne, L.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- ORCID
- Milne, Lise
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 43
- Pages
- 123-134
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998494979
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 24.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, barriers to disclosure, adult survivors, ecological systems theory, victim blaming, family dysfunction, power relations, social networks, stigma, counseling services, child abuse prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Canada, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Truth Disclosure, Qualitative Research, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult
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