The impact of tourism mini-movies on destination image: The influence of travel motivation and advertising disclosure

May combine two claims.

The findings indicate significant main and interaction effects of travel motivation and advertising disclosure on evaluations of destination image.

“The findings indicate significant main and interaction effects of travel motivation and advertising disclosure on evaluations of destination image.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The composite means for natural state (M = 5.92), interest/adventure (M = 5.72), and inexpensiveness (M = 4.68) were the highest among the eight destination image factors.

“The composite means for the factors, natural state (M = 5.92), interest/adventure (M = 5.72), and inexpensiveness (M = 4.68) were the highest among the eight factors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

External attributes such as beaches or tourism attractions can arouse pull motivations.

“For example, external attributes such as beaches or tourism attractions can arouse pull motivations (Crompton, 1979;Yoon & Uysal, 2005).”

• cites Crompton, 1979 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Yoon & Uysal, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Different information sources have different effects on destination image formation.

“For instance, Beerli and Martin (2004) found that different information sources have different effects on destination image formation.”

• cites Beerli and Martin (2004)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The measurement scale from Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) is well-suited to the context of this study because its items pertain to South America, which is appropriate as this study focused on Peru.

“This scale is well-suited to the context of this study (i.e., tourism mini-movie); more specifically, the scale items used in Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) pertains to South America, which is appropriate as this study focused on the South American destination of Peru.”

• cites Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Certain impressions gained from one source of information could be more important than another source in shaping attitudes.

“Bolan and Williams (2008) suggested that certain impressions gained from one source of information could be more important than another source in shaping attitudes.”

• cites Bolan and Williams (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Tourists can form an affective image of a destination that is consistent with the fulfillment of their internal motivations.

“However, tourists can also form an affective image of a destination that is consistent with the fulfillment of their internal motivations; for example, an image of a destination that provides opportunities for rest, relaxation and escape can align with an individual's internal desires for escape, rest and relaxation (Yoon & Uysal, 2005).”

• cites Yoon & Uysal, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of mini-movies by destination marketing organizations to build destination brands has grown rapidly over the past few years.

“The use of mini-movies by destination marketing organizations (DMOs) to build destination brands has grown rapidly over the past few years (Shani, Chen, Wang, & Hua, 2010).”

• cites Shani, Chen, Wang, & Hua, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To ensure the destination of the mini-movie was not disclosed to participants prior to viewing, participants were not screened with questions about their previous tourism experiences to Peru or South America.

“To ensure the destination of the mini-movie was not disclosed to participants prior to viewing, participants were not screened with questions that inquired about their previous tourism experiences to Peru or South America.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (travel motivation prime: presence vs. absence) x 2 (advertising: disclosure vs. non-disclosure) between-subjects experimental design.

“participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (travel motivation prime: presence vs. absence) x 2 (advertising: disclosure vs. non-disclosure) between-subjects experimental design.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research in film tourism suggests moviegoers could be motivated to travel to a destination by the characters, actors, plot, and setting after watching a film.

“For example, research in film tourism suggests moviegoers could be motivated to travel to a destination by the characters, actors, plot, and setting after watching a film (Kim, Agrusa, Chon, & Cho, 2008;Pan & Tsang, 2014).”

• cites Kim, Agrusa, Chon, & Cho, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pan & Tsang, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The use of a factorial experimental design in this study is appropriate for examining the impact of a tourism mini-movie on inducing destination image.

“Overall, the use of a factorial experimental design in this study is considered appropriate for examining the impact of a tourism mini-movie on inducing destination image.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Reactance theory from social psychology can provide insight into the persuasiveness of tourism mini-movies.

“Here, reactance theory from social psychology (Brehm, 1966;Clee & Wicklund, 1980) can provide insight into the persuasiveness of tourism mini-movies.”

• cites Brehm, 1966Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Clee & Wicklund, 1980 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The presentations of images, emotions and stories in a tourism mini-movie could be effective to capture tourists' attention.

“The presentations of images, emotions and stories in a tourism mini-movie could be effective to capture tourists' attention (Chen, 2015) and tourism marketers are starting to adopted mini-movies as a vivid approach to foster positive destination image (Fan, 2012).”

• cites Chen, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mini-movies offer information and entertainment value that aim to facilitate communication between advertisers and viewers, and could reduce consumers' resistance to embedded brand promotions as they generally attract voluntary viewing with the characteristics of an entertaining short film.

“To re-emphasize, mini-movies offer information and entertainment value that aim to facilitate communication between advertisers and viewers, and could reduce consumers' resistance to embedded brand promotions as they generally attract voluntary viewing with the characteristics of an entertaining short film (Raney et al., 2003).”

• cites Raney et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The conditions in the environment (e.g., external noise and other distractions) could have directed participants' full attention away from the mini-movie.

“The conditions in the environment (e.g., external noise and other distractions) could have directed participants' full attention away from the mini-movie.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The protagonist in Peru's mini-movie is a young adult with a storyline intended to resonate with youth travelers.

“Third, the protagonist in Peru's mini-movie is a young adult with a storyline intended to resonate with youth travelers.”

May combine two claims.

When consumers are exposed to advertising claims, they may arouse skepticism and question the advertising claims based on prior beliefs; in doing so, they may resist the claims and form negative image towards a product.

“When consumers are exposed to advertising claims, they may arouse skepticism and question the advertising claims based on prior beliefs; in doing so, they may resist the claims and form negative image towards a product (Koslow, 2000).”

• cites Koslow, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The lack of prior travel history to the destination was largely a function of the sample of participants in Asia.

“the lack of prior travel history to the destination was largely a function of the sample of participants in Asia”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) found that 13% of tourists initially showed interest in a destination after seeing it in a movie.

“For example, Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) found that 13% of tourists initially showed interest in a destination after seeing it in a movie.”

• cites Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tourists are often inspired by the setting shown in a movie, and visit the destination to recreate the experience.

“Tourists are often inspired by the setting shown in a movie, and visit the destination to recreate the experience (Riley, Baker & Van Doren, 1998).”

• cites Riley, Baker & Van Doren, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Like films, tourism mini-movies seek to impress viewers and persuade them to visit a destination by drawing them into an experiential situation.

“Like films, tourism mini-movies seek to impress viewers (Hudson & Ritchie, 2006) and persuade them to visit a destination by drawing them into an experiential situation (Moyer-Guse, 2008).”

• cites Hudson & Ritchie, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Moyer-Guse, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants were recruited via convenience sampling at different locations.

“Third, participants were recruited via convenience sampling at different locations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Motion pictures can construct favorable destination impressions by featuring landscape, and social and cultural points that tourists wish to explore.

“Motion pictures can construct favorable destination impressions by featuring landscape, and social and cultural points that tourists wish to explore (Riley & Van Doren, 1992).”

• cites Riley & Van Doren, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The advertising nature of the mini-movie is only revealed at the end of the video; the DMO of Peru is undisclosed throughout the video clip until the end.

“Second, the advertising nature of the mini-movie is only revealed at the end of the video; that is, the DMO of Peru is undisclosed throughout the video clip until the end, which is a relevant consideration for the condition of this study (advertising: disclosure vs. non-disclosure).”

May combine two claims.

Storylines in mini-movies can help overcome resistance, fostering more consumer engagement and experience towards a product or service.

“Recent research suggests that storylines in mini-movies can help overcome resistance, fostering more consumer engagement and experience towards a product or service (Phillips & McQuarrie, 2010).”

• cites Phillips & McQuarrie, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Rather than being disrupted and persuaded to watch advertisements, viewers could perceive messages from mini-movies as less persuasion but more natural and real.

“Rather than being disrupted and persuaded to watch advertisements, viewers could perceive messages from mini-movies as less persuasion but more natural and real (Green & Brock, 2000).”

• cites Green & Brock, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reaction theory is an appropriate consideration for this study as participants are exposed to persuasion in a tourism mini-movie.

“Overall, reaction theory is an appropriate consideration for this study as participants are exposed to persuasion in a tourism mini-movie.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

If the credibility of a mini-movie is reduced by disclosing the underlying advertising intention to individuals prior to their viewing, individuals may activate their reactance and change the meaning of the advertisement, moving their image of the destination to the opposite direction of the advertising effort.

“if the credibility of a mini-movie is reduced by disclosing the underlying advertising intention to individuals prior to their viewing, individuals may activate their reactance and”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tourism marketers are starting to adopt mini-movies as a vivid approach to foster positive destination image.

“The presentations of images, emotions and stories in a tourism mini-movie could be effective to capture tourists' attention (Chen, 2015) and tourism marketers are starting to adopted mini-movies as a vivid approach to foster positive destination image (Fan, 2012).”

• cites Fan, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The destination image scale was adopted from Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011).

“Participants were asked to evaluate their destination image of Peru after watching the mini-movie using the measurement scale adopted from Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011).”

• cites Hudson, Wang and Gil (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In this study, participants have never visited Peru.

“In this study, participants have never visited Peru; yet, evaluations of destination image could be influenced by prior experiences and/or repeat visitation (Echtner & Ritchie, 1993).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tourism mini-movies typically feature the attractiveness of a destination to facilitate emotional responses in potential tourists' minds.

“Tourism mini-movies typically feature the attractiveness of a destination to facilitate emotional responses in potential tourists' minds (Schiffman, O'Cass, Paladino, & Carlson, 2013).”

• cites Schiffman, O'Cass, Paladino, & Carlson, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

One's overall assessment of destination image could depend on his/her reactance to the persuasion attempt as well as his/her motivational state prior to watching a tourism mini-movie.

“Taken together, this study contributes to the literature on destination image by demonstrating that one's overall assessment of destination image could depend on his/her reactance to the persuasion attempt as well as his/her motivational state prior to watching a tourism mini-movie.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The travel motivation prime (eliciting memorable tourism experiences vs filler activity) effectively induced travel motivation.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The advertising disclosure manipulation effectively manipulated participants' awareness that the mini-movie was an advertisement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The destination image scale comprises eight factors: comfort/security, interest/adventure, natural state, cultural facilitation, resort atmosphere/climate, cultural similarity, inexpensiveness, and lack of language barrier.

“Consistent with the original measure, the eight factors are comfort/security, interest/adventure, natural state, cultural facilitation, resort atmosphere/climate, cultural similarity, inexpensiveness, and lack of language barrier.”

• Also stated in: § LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH · plain

  “This study identified eight dimensions in the destination image of Peru: comfort/security, interest/adventure, natural state, cultural facilitation, resort atmosphere/climate, cultural similarity, inexpensiveness, and lack of language barrier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Evaluations of destination image could be influenced by prior experiences and/or repeat visitations.

“Fifth, evaluations of destination image could be influenced by prior experiences and/or repeat visitations (Echtner & Ritchie, 1993).”

• cites Echtner & Ritchie, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source