Cited by 249Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

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Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology

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Eftekhari, Afsoon, Zoellner, Lori A., Vigil, Shree A.·2009·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

DOI 10.1080/10615800802179860PMC PMC3234115

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Abstract

Emotion regulatory strategies such as higher expressive suppression and lower cognitive reappraisal may be associated with increased psychopathology (Gross & John, 2003). Yet, it is unclear whether these strategies represent distinct cognitive styles associated with psychopathology, such that there are individuals who are predominantly "suppressors" or "reappraisers." Using cluster analysis, we examined whether women with and without exposure to potentially traumatic events evidence distinct patterns of emotion regulation frequency, capacity, suppression, and cognitive reappraisal. Four patterns emerged: high regulators; high reappraisers/low suppressors; moderate reappraisers/low suppressors; and low regulators. Individuals who reported infrequently and ineffectively regulating their emotions (low regulators) also reported higher depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, individuals who reported frequently and effectively using reappraisal and low levels of suppression (high reappraisers/low suppressors) reported the lowest levels of these symptoms, suggesting that this specific combination of emotion regulation may be most adaptive. Our findings highlight that the capacity to regulate emotions and the ability to flexibly apply different strategies based on the context and timing may be associated with reduced psychopathology and more adaptive functioning.

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“Again based on previous research (Aldao et al., 2010; Eftekhari et al., 2009; Gross & John, 2003; Westermann et al., 2012), we did not make a specific prediction regarding whether low emotional clarity would be more highly associated with problematic cannabis use in combination with frequent or infrequent cognitive re…”
Method
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“Given the above, it is not surprising that low suppressors tend to have low levels of psychiatric symptoms including PTSD symptoms [57].”
Background
Suppression Benefits Boys in Taiwan: The Relation between Gender, Emotional Regulation Strategy, and Mental Health
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“We speculated that emotional expression could differ for individuals belonging to the general population and healthy samples (such as university students), versus individuals with clinical symptoms or “at risk” (i.e., children in orphanage; Eftekhari et al., 2009).”
Background
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“Given that research suggests that individuals with PTSD are more likely to engage in emotional suppression across a variety of situations (Eftekhari et al., 2009; Ehring & Quack, 2010; Feeny & Foa, 2005; Marx & Sloan, 2005; Moore, Zoellner, & Mollenholt, 2008), high levels of trait suppression may…”
Background
Direct and indirect associations between perception of childhood trauma and suicidal ideation through emotion dysregulation in males who use heroin
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Emotional dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases
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Chesney, S. A., Timmer‐Murillo, S. C., & Gordon, N. S. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1573990 · Cited by 38
“Using cluster analyses, the authors found four emotion regulation profiles: (1) Low Regulators (i.e., individuals who report low reappraisal and moderate suppression); (2) High Regulators (i.e., individuals who often use both reappraisal and suppression); (3) High Reappraisers/Low Suppressors; and (4) Moderate Reappra…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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Jerud, A. B., Zoellner, L. A., Pruitt, L. D., & Feeny, N. C. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036520 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
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“Previous studies have indicated that the degree of emotional numbing can be predicted by PTSD symptom severity (Ehlers and Clark, 2000; Eftekhari et al., 2009; Ehring and Quack, 2010), and Litz (1992) has suggested that facial emotion reactivity could be a useful index to measure the degree of…”
Background
Role of event centrality and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among internally displaced persons
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“, 2005) reported that emotion regulation was not significantly associated with PTSD, prior research (e.g., Aldao, et al., 2010; Eftekhari et al., 2009; Kulkarni et al., 2013; Moore et al., 2008) showed that the maladaptive strategy of suppressing emotion before they manifest in the process of emotional experience is d…”
BackgroundResult
The late positive potential as a neurocognitive index of emotion regulatory flexibility
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Self-citation
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“…personality traits such as the tendency to use detrimental emotion regulation strategies (Cai, Richdale, Dissanayake, Trollor, & Uljarević, 2018; Eftekhari et al., 2009; Troy, 2015; Troy et al., 2013, 2010) or situational characteristics such as undergoing increased current life stress (Cai et…”
BackgroundResult
STAIR Narrative Therapy: A Skills Focused Approach to Trauma-Related Distress
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Psychopathological Comorbidities and Clinical Variables in Patients With Medication Overuse Headache
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“Such a process involves both negative and positive emotions and when it works successfully can guarantee good mental health, as recently shown (Eftekhari et al., 2009).”
Background
How Does Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Psychological Wellbeing Predict Mood in Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Naturalistic Assessment
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Investigating Strategies of Emotion Regulation As Mediators of Occupational Stressors and Mental Health Outcomes in First Responders
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“Other studies with a general, non-first responder population found that individuals who reported infrequent and ineffective use of these emotion-regulating strategies showed higher levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Regulating the blink: Cognitive reappraisal modulates attention
Adam, R., Schönfelder, S., Forneck, J., & Wessa, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00143 · Cited by 22
“Although attending to emotion-eliciting stimuli is adaptive, dealing with emotions and the ability to regulate them is necessary for mental health and general well-being (Gross and John, 2003; Eftekhari et al., 2009; McRae et al., 2012b; Boden et al., 2013; D’Avanzato et al., 2013).”
Background
Neural signatures of child cognitive emotion regulation are bolstered by parental social regulation in two cultures
Myruski, S., Birk, S. L., Karasawa, M., Kamikubo, A., Kazama, M., Hirabayashi, H., & Dennis‐Tiwary, T. A. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz070 · Cited by 23
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Emotion regulation: From neural circuits to a transdiagnostic perspective
Morawetz, C., Hemetsberger, F. J., Laird, A. R., & Kohn, N. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105960 · Cited by 27
“The capacity to effectively regulate emotions is essential for maintaining general well-being, performance at work, and high-quality personal and professional relationships (Buruck et al., 2016; Cheung et al., 2014; Eftekhari et al., 2009; Jaeger, 2003; Lopes et al., 2005; Weilenmann et al., 2018).”
Effects Of Early Trauma and Recent Stressors on Depression, Anxiety, and Anger
Seok, B. J., Jeon, S., Lee, J., Cho, S., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, S. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00744 · Cited by 25
An examination of the roles of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder on emotion regulation strategies of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans
Sippel, L. M., Roy, A. M., Southwick, S. M., & Fichtenholtz, H. M. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1183037 · Cited by 22
Emotional Clarity, Anxiety Sensitivity, and PTSD Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed Inpatient Adolescents
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Perceived Stress, Mindfulness, Emotional Self-Regulation, and Self-Care Habits in Registered Nurses at a Tertiary Care Medical Center
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“Higher scores on the cognitive reappraisal facet and lower scores on the emotional suppression facet may correlate to greater well-being (Eftekhari et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Efecto del uso de estrategias cognitivas de regulación emocional sobre la ansiedad en adolescentes españoles
del Valle, M. V., Betegón, E., Muñiz, M. J. I., Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata -UNDMP- – Instituto de Investigación en Psicología Básica, A. Y. T. –. –. C. N. D. I. C. Y. T. –., & Dpto. Psicología. Personalidad, E. Y. T. P. U. D. V. –. (2018) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.14349/sumapsi.2018.v25.n2.7 · Cited by 22
The effect of methadone on emotional reactivity
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“Furthermore, there is growing consensus that emotion suppression is associated with worsened psychopathology [18,19].”
Background

Authors: Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Eftekhari, Afsoon
ORCID: Zoellner, Lori A.
Venue: Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2009-08-24
Volume: 22
Issue: 5
Pages: 571-586
ISSN: 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
1477-2205
DOI: 10.1080/10615800802179860
PMC: PMC3234115
OpenAlex: W2106521218
Cited by: 249
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 4.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: University of Washington
Case Western Reserve University
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066347)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords: emotion regulation, expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, psychopathology, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, potentially traumatic events, women, regulatory strategy, adaptive behavior
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Cognition, Depression, Emotions, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cluster Analysis

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