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Cited by 998Aluminum toxicity and tolerance in plants and animalsHeavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityCarcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment

Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide

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Krewski, Daniel, Yokel, Robert A, Nieboer, Evert, Borchelt, David, Cohen, Joshua, Harry, Jean, Kacew, Sam, Lindsay, Joan +2 more·2007·Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
DOI 10.1080/10937400701597766PMC PMC2782734
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Abstract

Note: This article was originally published with an incorrect version of the Acknowledgments, which appeared on p. 218 of the print version. The correct version of the Acknowledgments appeared on pp. 1–2. The corrected article is available below.

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  • The total body burden of aluminium in healthy humans is approximately 30-50 mg/kg body weight and normal levels of aluminium in serum are approximately 1-3 μg/L.

    “The total body burden of Al in healthy humans has been reported to be approximately 30–50 mg/kg body weight and normal levels of Al in serum are approximately 1–3μg/L (Krewski et al., 2007).”

    From Aluminium toxicosis: a review of toxic actions and effects (2019) · cites this paper as Krewski et al., 2007

    The Kinetics and Metabolism passage (page not provided) says normal plasma aluminium is believed to be 1–2 μg/L and that steady-state serum and whole-blood concentrations are approximately equal. This broadly supports the serum figure, though not its exact 1–3 μg/L range. The passages found describe how aluminium is distributed in the body but do not support a total body burden of 30–50 mg/kg body weight. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Aluminium levels increase with age in tissues and organs (bone, muscle, lung, liver, and kidney) of experimental animals.

    “Al levels increase with age in tissues and organs (bone, muscle, lung, liver, and kidney) of experimental animals (Krewski et al., 2007).”

    From Aluminium toxicosis: a review of toxic actions and effects (2019) · cites this paper as Krewski et al., 2007

    The animal-studies passage in “Distribution (Including Compartmentalization)” (page not provided) reports age-related increases in each listed tissue in at least one experimental animal study. The claim omits important limits: rat muscle aluminium decreased at 24 months, while mouse femur and lung aluminium decreased with age. The pattern is therefore not a general increase across those tissues in experimental animals. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The aluminium ion in blood circulation is eliminated primarily by the kidneys (about 95%) in the urine, presumably as aluminium citrate.

    “The Al ion in blood circulation is eliminated primarily by the kidneys (about 95%) in the urine, presumably as Al citrate (Shirley and Lote, 2005; Krewski et al., 2007; Anon, 2008c).”

    From Aluminium toxicosis: a review of toxic actions and effects (2019) · cites this paper as Krewski et al., 2007

    The Kinetics and Metabolism section (page unavailable) says that greater than 95% of aluminium is eliminated by the kidney, supporting the main route and approximate proportion. The copy also says aluminium citrate may enhance renal elimination, but it does not establish that aluminium is excreted in urine specifically as aluminium citrate. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Aluminium rapidly enters the brain, extracellular fluid and the cerebrospinal fluid, with smaller concentrations in these organs than in the blood.

    “Moreover, Al has been shown to rapidly enter the brain, extracellular fluid and the cerebrospinal fluid, with smaller concentrations in these organs than in the blood (Martin, 1992; Krewski et al., 2007).”

    From Aluminium toxicosis: a review of toxic actions and effects (2019) · cites this paper as Krewski et al., 2007

    The Distribution (Including Compartmentalization) section says aluminium can rapidly enter brain extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, and that concentrations in those two fluids are lower than in blood. It also describes aluminium entering the brain, but does not extend the rapid-entry and lower-than-blood comparison to the brain as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Krewski, D., Yokel, R. A., Nieboer, E., Borchelt, D., Cohen, J., Harry, J., Kacew, S., Lindsay, J., Mahfouz, A. M., & Rondeau, V.
Affiliations
  • University of Ottawa (CA)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
  • University of Florida (US)
  • Tufts Medical Center (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Public Health Agency of Canada (CA)
  • Environmental Protection Agency (US)
  • Inserm (FR)
Corresponding author
Krewski, Daniel
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2007-11-16
Volume
10
Issue
sup1
Pages
1-269
ISSN
  • 1093-7404 (ISSN-L)
  • 1521-6950
DOI
10.1080/10937400701597766
PMC
PMC2782734
OpenAlex
W2100043100
Cited by
998
References
1,426
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
FWCI
13.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (Z99-ES999999)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Aluminum toxicity and tolerance in plants and animals
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Keywords
aluminum, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, human health risk assessment, aluminum toxicity
MeSH terms
Aluminum, Aluminum Hydroxide, Aluminum Oxide, Animals, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Tissue Distribution, Occupational Exposure, Aluminum Compounds, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests

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