CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage pathways from the rat brain were investigated by the injection of 50 μl Indian ink into the cisterna magna. The distribution of the ink, as it escaped from the cranial CSF space, was documented in 2 mm thick slices of brain and skull cleared in cedar wood oil and in decalcified paraffin sections. Following injection of the ink, deep cervical lymph nodes were selectively blackened within 30 min and lumbar para‐aortic nodes within 6 h. Within the cranial cavity, carbon particles accumulated in the basal cisterns but were also distributed in the paravascular spaces around the middle cerebral arteries and the nasal‐olfactory artery. Carbon particles in the subarachnoid space beneath the olfactory bulbs drained directly into discrete channels which passed through the cribriform plate and into lymphatics in the nasal submucosa. Although ink was distributed along the subarachnoid space of the optic nerves and entered the cochlea, the nasal route was the only direct connection between cranial CSF and lymphatics. Arachnoid villi associated with superior and inferior sagittal sinuses were identified and a minor amount of drainage of ink into dural lymphatics was also observed. This study demonstrates the direct drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the cribriform plate in anatomically defined channels which connect with the nasal lymphatics. Such a pathway is compatible with the observed rapidity of the bulk flow drainage of CSF in the rat, accords with the known specificity of immunological reactions to antigens injected into brain tissue, and may also serve as a route for drainage for lymphocytes and macrophages from the brain to the regional cervical lymph nodes.
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Antigens move from the CSF compartment to mandibular and deep cervical lymph nodes by exiting through perineural pathways-including the olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves-into an extensive network of lymphatic vessels that reside outside the CNS.
“Antigens are known to move from the CSF compartment to mandibular and deep cervical lymph nodes by exiting through perineural pathways—including the olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves (9, 63)—into an extensive network of lymphatic vessels that reside outside the CNS.”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Kida, S., Pantazis, A., & Weller, R. O.
- Affiliations
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Weller, R. O.
- ORCID
- Weller, R. O.
- Venue
- Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 480-488
- ISSN
- 0305-1846 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2990
- OpenAlex
- W1985530741
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
- Keywords
- cerebrospinal fluid drainage, cribriform plate, subarachnoid space, olfactory bulb, olfactory nerve, cervical lymph nodes, para-aortic lymph nodes, arachnoid villi, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Carbon, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Cochlea, Dura Mater, Coloring Agents, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic System, Male, Nasal Cavity, Staining and Labeling, Subarachnoid Space, Rats, Wistar, Rats
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