Interactive digital narrative (IDN)—new ways to represent complexity and facilitate digitally empowered citizens

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Complexity research as an academic field is an umbrella term for a number of different perspectives and approaches.

“Complexity research as an academic field is an umbrella term for a number of different perspectives and approaches e.g. in the guise of complexity sciences concerned with problems in Physics and other natural sciences (Mathews et al., 1999;Mitleton-Kelly & Land, 2004) (see Figure 1 for examples), including complexity theory (see overview (Turner & Baker, 2019)).”

• cites Mathews et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mitleton-Kelly & Land, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Turner & Baker, 2019 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The 'data journalism paradox' is the difficulty of connecting the individual perspectives enabled by interactive forms of narratives with journalistic practices predicated on collective representations.

“A concrete instance of this overarching issue is in what Widholm and Appelgren (2020) have termed the”

• cites Widholm and Appelgren (2020) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

An adequate paradigm for IDN design is system building, improving upon 'Newtonian mechanics' in game design.

“In terms of design, an adequate paradigm is system building (Koenitz & Eladhari, 2021), improving upon”

• cites Koenitz & Eladhari, 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion presents game system building as a paradigm for game design motivated by the limitations of Newtonian mechanistic thinking; the section on education calls it a post-Newtonian paradigm. The paper does not specifically establish its adequacy for interactive digital narrative (IDN) design, so that application goes beyond what the cited passages support. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SPP model has been related to three separate aspects of complexity: environment, representation, and message.

“The SPP model has been related to three separate aspects of complexity (Koenitz et al., 2020), that of environment (the real-world complexity implemented in the protostory), of representation (the complexity of the artefact) and of message (the complexity of interpretation and interactors' actions resulting in recorded playthroughs and retellings (Eladhari, 2018)).”

• cites Koenitz et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.1 (p. 13) says the SPP model provides a framework for contextualizing IDN and complexity, supporting the general connection. But our copy does not identify environment, representation, and message as three separate aspects of complexity; it names system, process, and product as the model’s three categories (p. 10). (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Eladhari, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Taken together, the aspects of IDN describe the potential of IDN for an enhanced understanding of complex issues.

“Taken together, these aspects describe the potential of IDN for an enhanced understanding of complex issues.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Active exploration facilitates understanding of complex topics.

May combine two claims.

Audiences as participants in IDN influence the progression and outcome of the narrative, see the effects of decisions, and revisit them in replay.

“Audiences as participants influence the progression as well as outcome of the narrative but also see the effects of decisions and revisit them in replay.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Journalism mostly relies on fixed forms of the written article and video news piece, and is particularly affected by the limitations of traditional media for representing complexity.

“As journalism still mostly relies on the fixed forms of the written article (even in online publications) and the video news piece, it is particularly affected by the situation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

IDN can use the computer's ability to hold practically limitless amounts of data while enabling exploration of a dynamic possibility space that reacts to audience decisions to create a narrative experience.

“This means that IDN can use the ability of the computer to hold practically limitless amounts of data (encyclopedic) while enabling the exploration of a dynamic possibility space (spatial), which reacts (procedural) to decisions by the audience (participatory) to create a narrative experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three mechanisms-parallelism, competition, and recombination-are combined to achieve complex behaviour in CAS.

“Three mechanisms are combined to achieve this complex behaviour: parallelism, which uses individual rules as”

• cites Chan, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Holland, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) have an evolving rule-based structure that adapts to problems posed by its surroundings while exhibiting sensitive dependence on initial conditions.

“CAS have an evolving rule-based structure that”

• cites Holland, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Chan, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In IDN, audiences can choose between different viewpoints, add their own perspectives, and discuss their insights with others within the same IDN artefact.

“They can choose between different viewpoints, even add their own perspectives and discuss their insights with others, all within the same IDN artefact.”

May combine two claims.

Many phenomena cannot be explained with simple linear one-to-one mappings of cause and effect; combinatorics, unpredictability and randomness are important factors.

“What these perspectives share is the insight that many phenomena cannot be explained with simple linear one-to-one mappings of cause and effect-combinatorics, unpredictability and randomness are important factors which also need to be considered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Narrative design has often been misunderstood in a mechanical way, as the combination of fixed narrative forms with interactivity.

“Conversely, narrative design has often been misunderstood in a mechanical way, as the combination of fixed narrative forms with interactivity (i.e.cinematic cutscenes in games).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Systemic thinking is the ability to understand the systemic dynamic nature of many contemporary phenomena and is crucial for understanding both the challenges and the possible approaches towards complex issues.

“Systemic thinking is the ability to understand the systemic dynamic nature of many contemporary phenomena and is crucial for understanding both the challenges and the possible approaches towards complex issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The fixed coordinate systems in the political sphere (left/right, conservative/progressive) have been replaced by a more complex, dynamic space, in which novel parties emerge and old parties shift positions.

“and as part of this development, the fixed coordinate systems in the political sphere (left/right.conservative/progressive, etc.) has been replaced by a more complex, dynamic space, in which novel parties emerge and old parties shift positions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

IDN combines the power of narrative with dynamic representations and is able to represent complex issues.

“In the next section, we will explain how IDN combines the power of narrative with dynamic representations and is able to represent complex issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Planning, execution and resulting consequences as well as replay is what sets IDN apart from fixed narratives and these qualities are crucial for enabling an understanding of the dynamic nature of complex issues.

“Planning, execution and resulting consequences as well as replay is what sets IDN apart from fixed narratives and these qualities are crucial for enabling an understanding of the dynamic nature of complex issues.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Active exploration facilitates understanding of complex topics.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

IDN design means to accommodate audiences' new role as interactors as well as the unpredictability that is introduced by unexpected combinatorics and interactors' behaviour.

“IDN design thus means to accommodate audiences' new role as interactors as well as the unpredictability that is introduced by unexpected combinatorics and interactors' behaviour (Bossomaier & Green, 2000).”

• cites Bossomaier & Green, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The new standard way to approach issues should be 'systemic thinking'.

“The new standard way to approach issues should be”

• cites Rejeski et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The engagement of the interactor with the dynamic system of the protostory develops the narrative forward, facilitating a double hermeneutic process during the first encounter and a triple hermeneutic during repeat traversals.

“The engagement of the interactor with the dynamic system of the protostory in the process develops the narrative forward, facilitating a”

• cites Karhulahti (2012) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Giddens (1987)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Roth et al. (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Both the sciences and the arts have found ways to embrace complexity, to calculate with it, analyse it and depict it.

“What we have seen so far is that both the sciences and the arts have found ways to embrace complexity, to calculate with it, analyse it and depict it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Non-fiction forms of expression have so far struggled to find ways to express complexity.

“Non-fiction forms of expression have so far struggled to find ways to express complexity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Traditional non-fiction forms of representation are severely limited in their ability to fulfil their crucial role in democracies to inform citizens and enable discourse.

“Consequently, traditional non-fiction forms or representation are severely limited in their ability to fulfil their crucial role in democracies to inform citizens and enable discourse.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Journalism and other forms of non-fiction communication have a crucial role in helping citizens understand the world around them and make informed decisions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Scientific and societal developments since the late nineteenth century have led to an increasing awareness of complexity, which resulted in many novel scientific approaches and analytical perspectives.

“As we have discussed, scientific and societal developments since the late nineteenth century have led to an increasing awareness of complexity, which resulted in many novel scientific approaches and analytical perspectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Academic enquiry found ways to analyse complex phenomena but is far less concerned with accessible representations and communication with the public.

“While academic enquiry found ways to analyse complex phenomena, it is far less concerned with accessible representations and communication with the public.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Democracy can be seen as a recognition of complexity, with the aim to create just, enduring and adaptable large-scale associations of humans.

“On the level of societies, we can see democracy as a recognition of complexity (Zolo, 1992), with the aim to create just, enduring and adaptable large-scale associations of humans.”

• cites Zolo, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The SPP model understands a dynamic system as the central element, and describes the interactive process which results in instantiated narrative products.

“The SPP model understands a dynamic system as the central element, and describes the interactive process which results in instantiated narrative products.”

• cites Koenitz, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Koenitz, 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

So far systemic thinking has only taken a limited hold in the representation of politics, both on the side of political actors and of journalists.

“However, so far systemic thinking has only taken a limited hold in the representation of politics, both on the side of political actors and of journalists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Every traversal of an IDN is a temporary, cognitive reduction of the complexity of the system in the form of a linear, self-directed narrative experience.

“Every traversal of an IDN is a temporary, cognitive reduction of the complexity of the system in the form of a linear, self-directed narrative experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

With the dynamic systems of IDN, new challenges arise, as the creator is now the designer of a procedural and participatory system.

“With the dynamic systems of IDN, new challenges arise, as the creator is now the designer of a procedural and participatory system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Work on representations that facilitate systemic thinking and enable understanding of complex topics is a crucial contribution to strengthen democracy.

“This development is the reason why work on representations that facilitate systemic thinking and enable understanding of complex topics is a crucial contribution to strengthen democracy.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Democratic societies depend on well-informed citizens for public discourse and decision-making.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Established non-fiction forms of representation are challenged by these developments due to fundamental structural and conceptual differences.

“In contrast, established non-fiction forms of representation are challenged by these developments due to fundamental structural and conceptual differences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many developments in the social sciences in the twentieth century can be understood as ways to acknowledge and analyse complexity.

“Many developments in the social sciences in the twentieth century can be understood as ways to acknowledge and analyse complexity (for a broad overview see Figure 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SPP model explains how IDN differ from traditional narratives.

“Koenitz' SPP model (system, process, product) (Koenitz, 2015;Koenitz, 2023) (cf. Figure 6) explains how IDN differ from traditional narratives.”

• cites Koenitz, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Koenitz, 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

IDN, with its focus on narrative, has the potential to bridge the divide between games and traditional news stories.

“In this regard IDN, with its focus on narrative, has the potential to bridge the divide between games and traditional news stories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The triple hermeneutic afforded by multiple traversals of the protostory can be described as a hermeneutic spiral where each subsequent encounter increases understanding of the complex narrative representation and decreases the circle of interpretation.

“In addition, the triple hermeneutic afforded by multiple traversals of the protostory, the exploration of different perspectives across multiple sessions, can be describes as a”

• cites Knoller, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hayles, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Scholars working on complexity have pointed out the need for 'new narratives'.

“Indeed, scholars working on complexity have pointed out the need for”

• cites Turina, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rejeski et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

With the increasing complexity of many contemporary issues, political decision making has equally become more complex.

“However, with the increasing complexity of many contemporary issues (e.g. economic globalisation, global warming, migration, pandemics, terrorism), political decision making has equally become more complex”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Complexity is a property of many contemporary issues.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The implementation of a system building paradigm in actual production, especially when it comes to integrating into the workflows of journalism organisations, poses considerable challenges.

“The implementation of a system building paradigm in actual production, especially when it comes to integrating into the workflows of journalism organisations pose considerable challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Whenever we use narrative to represent complexity, we need to be aware of the limitations of traditional fixed forms.

“However, whenever we use narrative to represent complexity, we need to be aware of the limitations of traditional fixed forms in this regard.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Complexity is an issue that all academic disciplines have been concerned with for a considerable time.

“As we have shown, complexity is an issue that all academic disciplines have been concerned with for a considerable time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This is a powerful first step in creating a literacy for complexity through 'complexity awareness' by effectively showing that any single narrative can be exhaustive in a complex situation.

“This is a powerful first step in creating a literacy for complexity through”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Complexity is integral to many humanities approaches.

“Equally, complexity is integral to many humanities approaches (see Figure 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In perspectives influenced by literary theory, there is a prevailing misunderstanding of the dynamic nature of narrative as confined to reception.

“In perspectives influenced by literary theory, there is a prevailing misunderstanding of the dynamic nature of narrative as confined to reception.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The increase in comprehension during hermeneutic engagement with an IDN can be described as a transformation in the interactor as they become aware of alternatives and of choices not taken.

“The increase in comprehension during these hermeneutic engagement with an IDN can be described as a transformation in the interactor (Murray, 1997) as they become aware of alternatives and of choices not taken.”

• cites Murray, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Such repeat engagements enable increasing understanding of the complex phenomenon, by building upon the knowledge gained in earlier traversals.

“Such repeat engagements enable increasing understanding of the complex phenomenon, by building upon the knowledge gained in earlier traversals.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Active exploration facilitates understanding of complex topics.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Scholars rooted in this school of thinking often ignore the fact that with IDN we have dynamic artefacts as well as dynamic reception.

“Scholars rooted in this school of thinking (as well as many of the practitioners they trained) often ignore the fact that with IDN we have dynamic artefacts as well as dynamic reception.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

IDN facilitates replay and allows interactors to revisit their decisions, take a different route and explore a different perspective.

“Furthermore, IDN facilitates replay and allows interactors to revisit their decisions, take a different route and explore a different perspective.”

May combine two claims.

The characteristics of IDN match the requirements of new narratives, enabling multiple perspectives (including conflicting views), continuous feedback, choices and consequences, emergence, and replay.

“The characteristics of IDN match these requirements, enabling multiple perspectives (including conflicting views), continuous feedback, choices and consequences, emergence, and replay.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

An IDN empowers audiences as interactors but also requires them to make choices by picking perspectives and taking decisions.

“An IDN empowers audiences as interactors but also requires them to make choices by picking perspectives and taking decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

IDN has the potential to facilitate the understanding of complex topics, once we apply its specific affordances, in particular its ability to represent dynamic systems.

“IDN has the potential to facilitate the understanding of complex topics, once we apply its specific affordances, in particular its ability to represent dynamic systems”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

When there are no longer a limited number of ideologically delimited 'truths' but instead a complex space of possible solutions, we need new ways to report, inform, and educate.

“Certainly, truth and objective reporting remain important values, but when there are no longer a limited number of ideologically delimited”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

IDN offers representations of complex issues combined with a central human form of communication-narrative.

“Put succinctly, IDN offers representations of complex issues combined with a central human form of communicationnarrative.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Narrative is a central human form of communication.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The reader/viewer of fixed narrative objects like the novel or the movie can only speculate about the progression and outcome, they cannot influence them and make plans, execute them and see the results of this action.

“The latter is certainly also complex, and interacts with the dynamic artefact, but the reader/viewer of fixed narrative objects like the novel or the movie can only speculate about the progression and outcome, they cannot influence them and make plans, execute them and see the results of this action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the absence of successful strategies for representations of complexity, purveyors of simplistic narratives feed many people's longings for the simple, modernist narratives of old, as can be seen in electoral wins and increasing votes for populist parties and politicians in many western democracies.

“In the absence of successful strategies for representations of complexity, purveyors of simplistic narratives feed many people's longings for the simple, modernist narratives of old, as can be seen in electoral wins and increasing votes for populist parties and politicians in many western democracies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Even a single traversal of an IDN creates an awareness of complexity, due to realisation that alternative paths and/or perspectives exist and have not been visited or explored yet.

“Even a single traversal of an IDN creates an awareness of complexity, due to realisation that alternative paths and/or perspectives exists and have not been visited or explored yet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

IDN can focus on complexity.

“Instead, IDN can focus on complexity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Façade explores the complexity of a relationship at the breaking point, putting the interactor into the role of a therapist.

“The interactive drama Façade (Mateas & Stern, 2005) explores the complexity of a relationship at the breaking point, essentially putting the interactor into the role of a therapist”

• cites Mateas & Stern, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Industry explores the complex underworld economy of the illegal drug trade in the Netherlands, allowing interactors to explore drug-related activities around a Dutch zip code, learn about the shallow organisation structure, and follow audio interviews with different players in the industry.

“The complex underworld economy of the illegal drug trade in the Netherlands is the subject of another IDN called The Industry (Duijn Interactive Director, 2018), Here, interactors explore what drug-related activities happened around a particular Dutch zip code, learn about the shallow organisation structure and follow audio interviews with different players in the industry, virtually visiting them”

• cites Duijn Interactive Director, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Papers, Please explores the conditions of life in totalitarian regimes.

“For example, Papers, Please (Pope, 2013) explores the conditions of life in totalitarian regimes.”

• cites Pope, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Given the potential of IDN to represent modern day complex realities, humanity is under-served by traditional curricula to handle, understand and create IDN artefacts.

“Given the potential of IDN to represent modern day complex realities, humanity is under-served by traditional curricula to handle, understand and-worse still -create IDN artefacts.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In education, IDN are only encountered in specific postgraduate studies and as an elective in a few games-based undergraduate programmes.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Last Hijack Interactive explores the complex issue of Somali piracy and gives the interactor the opportunity to explore different perspectives surrounding a particular hijacking incident.

“For example, the complex issue of Somali piracy is explored in the interactive documentary The Last Hijack Interactive (Duijn et al., 2014) where the interactor is given the opportunity to explore different perspectives surrounding a particular hijacking incident.”

• cites Duijn et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Sims brings to the fore aspects of the complexity of life in late capitalism, including earning a living, reaching life objectives, finding a partner and raising a family.

“Likewise, The Sims (Wright, 2000) brings to the fore aspects of the complexity of life in late capitalism, including earning a living, reaching life objectives, finding a partner and raising a family.”

• cites Wright, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

As a multilinear and multivariate form, IDN can address shortcomings of newsgames, in particular a forced 'quick closure and a problematic binary (good versus bad behavior)' as well as a tendency of wanting to win.

“Furthermore, as a multilinear and multivariate form, IDN can also address shortcomings of newsgames, in particular a forced”

• cites Plewe & Fürsich, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MDA model and Brenda Romero's pronouncement of the mechanics as the message exemplify 'Newtonian mechanics' in game design.

“The latter is as exemplified in the still popular MDA model (mechanics, dynamics, aesthetics) (Hunicke et al., 2004) as well as Brenda Romero's pronouncement of the mechanics as the message (Brathwaite & Sharp, 2010).”

• cites Hunicke et al., 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Brathwaite & Sharp, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A first step in the direction of an ethics framework for IDN authoring has been taken by the introduction of such a framework.

“A first step in this direction has been taken by the introduction of an ethics framework for IDN authoring (Koenitz et al., 2023).”

• cites Koenitz et al., 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This linear delivery method of instruction has difficulty in accommodating pupils of different skills and abilities and is particularly ill-equipped to prepare pupils for a complex reality.

“This linear delivery method of instruction has difficulty in accommodating pupils of different skills and abilities and are particularly ill-equipped to prepare pupils for a complex reality.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Learning in western education systems follows a traditional linear structure with term-long teaching and small assessments leading up to the climatic examination with a denouement reflection on performance through results and feedback.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The JOLT project investigated the combination of game design and journalism and collected resources on the topic.

“Some steps in this regard have been taken, for example, in the JOLT projectfoot_1 which investigated the combination of game design and journalism and collected resources on the topic.”

• cites JOLT projectNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PromWeek explores the complex social dynamics surrounding a high school prom.

“PromWeek (McCoy et al., 2011) explores the complex social dynamics surrounding a high school prom.”

• cites McCoy et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a danger that interactive forms are relegated to a position of cheap gimmick, a development Bogost et al. have warned about for newsgames.

“Else, there is a danger that interactive forms are relegated to a position of cheap gimmick, a possible development Bogost et al. have been warning about for newsgames (Bogost et al., 2010) (also see Treanor & Mateas, 2009).”

• cites Bogost et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Treanor & Mateas, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.