Re-Tellings: The Fourth Layer of Narrative as an Instrument for Critique
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The SPP model has been related to three separate aspects of complexity: environment, representation, and message.
“The SPP model has been related to three separate aspects of complexity (Koenitz et al., 2020), that of environment (the real-world complexity implemented in the protostory), of representation (the complexity of the artefact) and of message (the complexity of interpretation and interactors' actions resulting in recorded playthroughs and retellings (Eladhari, 2018)).”
From Interactive digital narrative (IDN)—new ways to represent complexity and facilitate digitally empowered citizens (2022) · cites this paper as Eladhari, 2018
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Are We Like This?: The AI Architecture of a Co-Creative Storytelling Game
Kreminski, M., Dickinson, M., Mateas, M., & Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2020) · International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games · doi:10.1145/3402942.3402953 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“WAWLT represents an example of AI-based game design [6] inspired by the study of existing player storytelling practices [5, 12] in simulation-driven games.”
BackgroundEvaluating AI-Based Games through Retellings
Kreminski, M., Samuel, B., Melcer, E., & Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2019) · Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference · doi:10.1609/aiide.v15i1.5223 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Echoing Eladhari, we suggest that the existence of a sizable corpus of “naturally occurring” retellings for a particular game may serve as an indicator that the game is in some sense a success.”
BackgroundInfluentialKreminski, M., Dickinson, M., & Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2019) · International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33894-7_27 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“There has also been a recent wave of interest in retellings [8, 16, 17]—the stories players tell based on their play experiences in interactive narrative games— and in how design elements of games can facilitate and frustrate the player’s”
BackgroundChallenges of IDN Research and Teaching
Koenitz, H., & Eladhari, M. P. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33894-7_4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationKoenitz, H., Barbara, J., & Eladhari, M. P. (2022) · New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia · doi:10.1080/13614568.2023.2181503 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…(Koenitz et al., 2020), that of environment (the real-world complexity implemented in the protostory), of representation (the complexity of the arte-fact) and of message (the complexity of interpretation and interactors ’ actions resulting in recorded playthroughs and retellings (Eladhari, 2018)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLoose Ends: A Mixed-Initiative Creative Interface for Playful Storytelling
Kreminski, M., Dickinson, M., Wardrip-Fruin, N., & Mateas, M. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference · doi:10.1609/aiide.v18i1.21955 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The envisioned players of Loose Ends are the types of players who write retellings (Eladhari 2018) of their play experiences in games—especially emergent narrative games with sizable storytelling-oriented player communities, such as The Sims and Dwarf Fortress.”
BackgroundWardrip–Fruin, N. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/10641.001.0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Generative games as storytelling partners
Kreminski, M., & Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2019) · Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games · doi:10.1145/3337722.3341861 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In Eladhari’s terms, players recognize in these games a certain kind of “narrative potential”—or what could potentially be construed even more broadly as “co-creative potential”—and are drawn to it [7].”
BackgroundKoenitz, H., Barbara, J., & Eladhari, M. P. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92300-6_49 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationKreminski, M., & Mateas, M. (2021) · International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92300-6_50 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The study of retellings [7], or player-created stories about gameplay experiences, has highlighted play practices in which players make use of IEN games as tools for expressive story-making, while extensively embellish-ing the resulting stories by adding detail not modeled by the game itself [14,…”
BackgroundInteractive Digital Narratives as Complex Expressive Means
Bellini, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.854960 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Coauthorship-Centric History of Interactive Emergent Narrative
Kreminski, M., & Mateas, M. (2021) · International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92300-6_21 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Without the distinction between narrative material and retelling advanced in more recent work [26, 6, 22, 14, 13, 16, 33], Aarseth’s view on the role of the user in IEN ends up suspended ambiguously between the user-as-participant and user-as-author perspectives.”
BackgroundEpistemic Rhetoric in Virtual Reality Interactive Factual Narratives
Fisher, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.845489 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The Product of the SPP Model has been understood as a retelling (Eladhari, 2018), a material object such as a recording (Koenitz et al., 2020), and as an internalized cognitive model of complexity in a discussion paper (Knoller, 2020).”
BackgroundWhen the Fourth Layer Meets the Fourth Wall: The Case for Critical Game Retellings
Sych, S. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62516-0_18 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A New Research Agenda: Writing for Virtual Reality Interactive Narratives
Fisher, J. A., Vosmeer, M., & Barbara, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_43 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Story We Cannot See: On How a Retelling Relates to Its Afterstory
Larsen, B. A., Bruni, L. E., & Schoenau‐Fog, H. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33894-7_21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Narrative Goals in Games: A Novel Nexus of Story and Gameplay
Cardona-Rivera, R. E., Zagal, J. P., & Debus, M. S. (2020) · International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG) · doi:10.1145/3402942.3402986 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Indeed, it seems that for many games, it is a narrative goal that is at the forefront of how players describe the game rather than the game’s goals [17, 31].”
BackgroundA Shared Vocabulary for Interactive Digital Narrative (IDN): An Encyclopedia Project
Koenitz, H., Eladhari, M. P., Louchart, S., et al. (2021) · International series on computer entertainment and media technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81538-7_14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring the Design Space of Social Physics Engines in Games
Johnson-Bey, S., Nelson, M. J., & Mateas, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_36 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These gameplay retellings are players engaging in the narrative generation process [10].”
BackgroundSelect the Unexpected: A Statistical Heuristic for Story Sifting
Kreminski, M., Dickinson, M., Wardrip–Fruin, N., et al. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_18 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
What Inspires Retellings - A Study of the Game Genshin Impact
Greting, M., Mao, X., & Eladhari, M. P. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_16 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationTension Space Analysis for Emergent Narrative
Kybartas, B., Verbrugge, C., & Lessard, J. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Games · doi:10.1109/tg.2020.2989072 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Eladhari [8] further states that the ability”
Emergent Narrative and Reparative Play
Grinblat, J., Manning, C., & Kreminski, M. (2021) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92300-6_19 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Player-authors of Sims retellings [3] often attempt to attribute a meaning to the game’s abstract dialogue icons in order to shore up an interpretation.”
Background“That Darned Sandstorm”: A Study of Procedural Generation through Archaeological Storytelling
Nicholls, F. S., & Cook, M. L. (2023) · International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG) · doi:10.1145/3582437.3587207 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Of particular relevance to our study is Eladhari’s work on game re-tellings as an indicator of emergent narrative quality [11].”
BackgroundAligning story and gameplay through narrative goals
Cardona-Rivera, R. E., Zagal, J. P., & Debus, M. S. (2023) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2023.100577 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Indeed, it seems that for many games, it is a narrative goal that is at the forefront of how players describe the game rather than a ludic goal (Eladhari, 2018; Larsen, Bruni and Schoenau-Fog, 2019).”
BackgroundNicholls, F. S., & Cook, M. L. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714036 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“There are a range of different proposed qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluating procedural narrative, and the most relevant for our survey is Eladhari’s [28] work on retellings.”
Communal Ritual Play: Repetition and Interpretation of Game Narratives Across Communities
Larsen, B. A., Junius, N., & Carstensdóttir, E. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47655-6_29 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The single player narrative experience is well researched in interactive story-telling and games [1,5,6,26,43,47,52,60,66,76,84].”
BackgroundEditorial: Interactive digital narratives representing complexity
Koenitz, H., Holloway-Attaway, L., & Perkis, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1132785 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Community, Storytelling, and Play: Making and Breaking Rituals in Destiny 2
Larsen, B. A., & Carstensdóttir, E. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642679 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, while there is much research on games and storytelling [51, 54, 77, 80, 84, 136, 137] and on live-service games [6, 16, 47, 49, 102, 122, 158, 166], there is less research on storytelling in live-service games.”
BackgroundThe IDN Design Model: A Proposal for an Extended SPP Model
Șerbănescu, A., & Koenitz, H. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78450-7_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Co-Designers Not Troublemakers
Gustafsson, V., Helmersen, L. A., & Mackay, W. E. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3474700 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“which can indicate value or support critiquing games [13].”
BackgroundMethodDramatic Situations for Emergent Narrative System Authorship
Lessard, J., & Paré-Chouinard, S. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_14 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koenitz, H., Roth, C., & Mekler, E. D. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-18884-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Influenced by Eladhari’s work on retellings [30], Koenitz has more recently implemented a distinction between objective (recorded) product and subjective (retold) product [1].”
Kreminski, M., Wardrip–Fruin, N., & Mateas, M. (2022) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05214-9_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Toward Example-Driven Program Synthesis of Story Sifting Patterns.
Kreminski, M., Wardrip–Fruin, N., & Mateas, M. (2020) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Approaches Towards Novel Phenomena. a Reflection on Issues in IDN Research, Teaching and Practice
Koenitz, H., & Eladhari, M. P. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationDecolonizing IDN Pedagogy From and with Global South: A Cross-Cultural Case Study
Reyes, M. C., Silva, C., & Koenitz, H. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47655-6_9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Longform Video Essays as Critical Retellings of Video Game Narratives
Sezen, T. İ., & Sezen, D. (2021) · International series on computer entertainment and media technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81538-7_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Koenitz, H., & Eladhari, M. P. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47655-6_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMyth, Diegesis and Storytelling in Perennial Games
Larsen, B. A., & Carstensdóttir, E. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22298-6_41 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Creativity Support for Story Construction Play Experiences
Kreminski, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment · doi:10.1609/aiide.v15i1.5246 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Recent work on retellings (Eladhari 2018) has called attention to a family of deeply computationally engaged story-telling practices around digital games, particularly those that make extensive use of artificial intelligence and procedural content generation.”
BackgroundInfluentialMind Stories: A Story Making Game - From Narrative Therapy to Interactive Narrative Therapy
Eladhari, M. P., & Koenitz, H. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47658-7_14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Understanding the Kaleidoscopic Nature of Interactive Digital Narratives Through Repeat Experience
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The Applicability of Greimassian Semiotics to Meaningful Procedural Quest Generation
Meza, L. F. T., & Thue, D. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92300-6_25
Quantitative Analysis of Emergent Narratives
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“…Fortress [6]) and high-profile research games (such as Prom Week [7]) adhere to this approach, and studies of player retellings of emergent narrative gameplay [8] have suggested that simulated social dynamics play a large role in helping players to frame their gameplay experiences as stories [9].”
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Self-citationEvaluating Retellings as a Design Goal for a Fighting Game
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Self-citationEvaluating Uncertainty Representation in IDNs
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The many complexities of video games: A narrative review
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“Furthermore, re-tellings (Eladhari 2018) and other forms of narrative generation out of players ’ experience of single-or multi-player games (e.g., online game session streaming) have been discussed as a pervasive form of narrative emergence in video games (Caracciolo 2024; Koenitz 2023; Spawforth…”
Bonsai: Designing for Cultivation in AI Interactive Digital Narratives
Wang, T., & Kreminski, M. (2026) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3803784.3816860
“For players, an IDN that responds differently to the same input every time undermines both the value of replaying [22] and the social practice of sharing experiences through retellings [6, 15].”
- Authors
- Eladhari, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Södertörn University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Eladhari, Mirjam Palosaari
- Venue
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2018
- Pages
- 65-78
- ISSN
- 0302-9743 (ISSN-L)
- 1611-3349
- OpenAlex
- W2901386332
- Semantic Scholar
- 83281387df8f41a44139482fd08a84ace38e0a87
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Lecture notes in computer science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence in Games
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Narrative Theory and Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Keywords
- player experience, narrative design, narrative discourse, game design evaluation
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