A focus group exploration of the impact of izzat, shame, subordination and entrapment on mental health and service use in South Asian women living in Derby
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that shame, subordination and entrapment can play a powerful role in psychopathology. However, we know little about how these processes are experienced in different communities. This study therefore sets out to examine South Asian women's views of these processes and how they impact on their lives. It was found that reflected shame and honour (the shame and honour that can be brought to others by one's own behaviour) is called izzat. The importance of maintaining family honour and identifying with it (izzat) was linked to personal shame. It was also given as a reason people can be trapped in difficult relationships. Moreover, fear of reflected shame and loss of izzat were regarded as key reasons South Asian women might not use mental health services. A central fear was a failure by professionals to keep confidentiality—a fear found in other research.
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In many cases, family cohesion takes priority over individual wellbeing, particularly when perpetrators are relatives or respected community members.
“In many cases, family cohesion takes priority over individual wellbeing, particularly when perpetrators are relatives or respected community members [28], contributing to the silence and stigma surrounding sexual violence against men and boys in South Asian communities.”
Ethnic minorities experience increased cultural pressures to avoid bringing shame and dishonor on their families.
“Ethnic minorities experience increased cultural pressures to avoid bringing shame and dishonor on their families (Gilbert et al., 2004; Gilligan & Akhtar, 2006)”
From “I Didn’t Feel I Was A Victim”: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Experiences of Male-on-male Survivors of Rape and Sexual Abuse (2022) · cites this paper as Gilbert et al., 2004
Many survivors experience PTSD-related symptoms, anxiety, and depression, often rooted in feelings of powerlessness, guilt, and worthlessness.
“As a result, many survivors experience PTSD-related symptoms, anxiety, and depression, often rooted in feelings of powerlessness, guilt, and worthlessness [28–30].”
Cultural influences play a significant role in shaping how female survivors from South Asian communities interpret their trauma responses, involving fears of dishonouring the family.
“For instance, cultural influences play a significant role in shaping how female survivors from South Asian communities interpret their trauma responses, involving fears of dishonouring the family.”
These constructs often serve as mechanisms of social control, affecting both men and women in their help seeking behaviours.
“These constructs often serve as mechanisms of social control, affecting both men and women in their help seeking behaviours [28–30].”
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Mental Health Literacy and Attitudes Towards Mental Health Problems Among College Students, Nepal
Poudel, D. B., Sharif, L., Acharya, S., Mahsoon, A. N., Sharif, K., & Wright, R. J. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121189 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stigmatizing attributions towards depression among South Asian and Caucasian college students
Thapar-Olmos, N., & Myers, H. F. (2017) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2017.1340969 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Widanaralalage, B. K., Jennings, S., Dando, C. J., & Mackenzie, J.-M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02706-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“These cultural factors impact on how individuals navigate and disclose their experiences [28–30, 36, 37].”
InfluentialMashhood, A., Saeed, G., & Sami, F. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100433 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Albanian Migrants in Cyclades: Contact with Mental Health Services and Implications for Practice
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The Primacy of the Self in Shame: Can Shame be Benevolent?
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Apostates as a Hidden Population of Abuse Victims
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Perceptions of mental health and illness amongst Australian Ismaili Muslim youth
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- Authors
- Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., & Sanghera, J.
- ORCID
- Gilbert, Paul
- Venue
- Mental Health, Religion & Culture
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-130
- ISSN
- 1367-4676 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9737
- OpenAlex
- W2100263829
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 15.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mental Health Religion & Culture (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- izzat, honor, shame, subordination, entrapment, South Asian women, mental health service utilization, help-seeking barriers, confidentiality, family honor, intimate relationships, Derby
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