Extent of smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States: 19911993
Abstract
Rates of nicotine dependence vary in different sociodemographic groups in the population. These group differences remain to be understood. The objective of this study is to specify the relationship between cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence and whether group differences are explained by quantity smoked or differential sensitivity to nicotine. The data used derived from National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (1991-1993), multistage area probability samples of the US population 12 years old and over, and anonymous structured household interviews, considering subjects who were last-month smokers (12,550 White, 4903 Black, 4839 Hispanic). The main outcome measure was last-year nicotine dependence based on symptoms of dependence and drug-related problems approximating DSM-IV dependence criteria. Rates are higher among females than males, Whites than minorities and the lowest among older adults. Dependence rates increase sharply up to half a pack of cigarettes smoked per day. At higher quantities, the increased risk for dependence is minimal. The higher rate of dependence among females than males results from a greater number of symptoms at the same quantity smoked. The similarity of adolescent and middle-adult rates results from the fact that adolescents smoke significantly fewer cigarettes than adults, but experience higher rates of dependence at the same levels of use. Although adults 50 and over are the heaviest smokers, they experience the lowest rates of dependence because of hypothesized lower sensitivity to increased quantity of nicotine intake. The higher rates among Whites than Blacks appear to result from heavier smoking and greater sensitivity to nicotine effects. It was concluded that adolescents, women and Whites are particularly vulnerable to becoming dependent on nicotine. Group-specific thresholds may be more appropriate criteria than an absolute threshold to define the risk for nicotine dependence.
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Adolescents experience dependence symptoms at lower nicotine exposure levels than adults.
“adolescents experience symptoms of dependence at lower levels of nicotine exposure than adults.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [241]
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Chambers, R. A., Taylor, J. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
“Despite smoking fewer cigarettes than adults, adolescents show higher rates of dependence at similar levels of use (20), and although rates of alcohol use are similar throughout adolescence and adulthood, rates of abuse/dependence vary inversely with age (5).”
BackgroundVariants in Nicotinic Receptors and Risk for Nicotine Dependence
Bierut, L. J., Stitzel, J. A., Wang, J. C., Hinrichs, A. L., Grucza, R. A., Xuei, X., Saccone, N. L., Saccone, S. F., Bertelsen, S., Fox, L., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111711 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
“Interestingly, African Americans have a lower prevalence of nicotine dependence than European Americans (44, 45), and this may be explained in part by the low prevalence of this risk allele in populations of African descent.”
BackgroundDrug addiction: the neurobiology of behaviour gone awry
Volkow, N. D., & Li, T. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1539 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Motivational Influences on Cigarette Smoking
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“Kandel & Chen (2000) used a proxy measure to approximate DSM-IV diagnoses in the NHSDA data.”
BackgroundMethodPublic Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products
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Nicotine Dependence in the United States
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“Sex and race differences observed in the NCS are also in accord with those reported by Breslau et al(3) and Andreski and Breslau(24) and by Kandel and Chen using NHSDA data.(25) The results on the role of nicotine dependence in the persistence of smoking are in accord with previous reports.”
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“Adolescents report symptoms of dependence even at low levels of cigarette consumption (Colby et al. 2000; Kandel and Chen 2000).”
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Age-dependent effects of nicotine on locomotor activity and conditioned place preference in rats
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“Recent studies have shown that adolescents develop symptoms of dependence after minimal tobacco exposure (Kandel and Chen 2000) and that development of a single symptom strongly predicts continued use (DiFranza et al.”
BackgroundEvidence for enhanced neurobehavioral vulnerability to nicotine during periadolescence in rats
Adriani, W., Spijker, S., Deroche-Gamonet, V., Laviola, G., Le Moal, M., Smit, A. B., & Piazza, P. V. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-11-04712.2003 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Several epidemiological studies indicate that there is an increased likelihood for the development of nicotine addiction when cigarette smoking starts early during adolescence (Taioli and Wynder, 1991; Breslau and Peterson, 1996; Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundNicotine-induced conditioned place preference in adolescent and adult rats
Vastola, B. J., Douglas, L. A., Varlinskaya, E. I., & Spear, L. P. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00818-1 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Acetaldehyde Enhances Acquisition of Nicotine Self-Administration in Adolescent Rats
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“Adolescents may develop symptoms of dependence after brief tobacco exposure (Kandel and Chen, 2000), and there is evidence that a single withdrawal symptom strongly predicts continued use (DiFranza et al, 2002).”
Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction
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“In humans, adolescents experience symptoms of dependence at lower levels of nicotine exposure than adults (69, 70).”
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“Present results can be compared with epidemiological data, reporting that human adolescents smoke fewer cigarettes but experience significantly higher rates of dependence than adults (Kandel and Chen 2000).”
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“Extensiveness of use predicts the onset and progression of dependence, and is associated with higher rates of dependence (Audrain-McGovern et al., 2007;Kandel and Chen, 2000;Karp et al., 2006;O'Loughlin et al., 2002,2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialNicotine dependence and reward differ between adolescent and adult male mice
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“Moreover, the commencement of smoking at a young age is thought to increase addiction and to decrease the probability of successful cessation (Chassin et al., 1990; Chen and Millar, 1998; Colby et al., 2000; Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
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“It is not immediately apparent what the implications of this finding might be and this relationship has been observed in some (Kandel et al., 1997; Kandel and Chen, 2000; Smith et al., 2010) but not all population surveys (Breslau et al., 2001).”
ResultNicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use
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“Once they smoke, adolescents appear more susceptible to dependence at lower levels of cigarette consumption (Colby et al., 2000; Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
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“In addition, analysis of the 1991 /1993 surveys permits comparisons with the prior parallel analyses of marijuana and nicotine dependence (Chen et al., 1997; Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAre menthol cigarettes a starter product for youth?
Hersey, J., Ng, S. W., Nonnemaker, J. M., Mowery, P., Thomas, K., Vilsaint, B. M.-C., Allen, J. A., & Haviland, M. L. (2006) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200600670389 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
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Cigarette Smoking and the Risk for Alcohol Use Disorders Among Adolescent Drinkers
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“These authors hypothesized that different rates of dependence at equivalent levels of use reflected differential sensitivity to nicotine, though they emphasized that this hypothesis requires further testing (Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
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McDonald, P., Colwell, B., Backinger, C. L., Husten, C. G., & Maule, C. O. (2003) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.27.1.s2.5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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“Given that previous work has suggested gender differences in moking quantity (Stanton, 1995), prevalence of nicotine depenence, as well as their association (Kandel and Chen, 2000), the ack of gender differences found in the present study was unexected.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDoes menthol attenuate the effect of bupropion among African American smokers?
Okuyemi, K. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., Ebersole‐Robinson, M., Catley, D., Mayo, M. S., & Resnicow, K. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00443.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Adolescent and adult female rats differ in sensitivity to nicotine's activity effects
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“In general, men smoke more cigarettes per day than women and have higher serum cotinine levels (92-96).”
BackgroundSubstance use in women: Current status and future directions
Lal, R., Deb, K., & Kedia, S. (2015) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.161491 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“[77,78] Studies have reported that, as compared to men, women use smaller amounts of heroin, use it for shorter periods of time, and are more likely to inhale it.”
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Smoking impacts on prefrontal attentional network function in young adult brains
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“In fact, there is now accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence for a negative influence of nicotine and other drugs of abuse on brain development during adolescence, which, however, primarily relates to the question on the development of nicotine or drug dependence (Adriani and Laviola 2004; Arseneault et al. 20…”
BackgroundThe Effects of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Gray Matter Volume: Influence of Sex
Franklin, T. R., Wetherill, R. R., Jagannathan, K., Johnson, B. D., Mumma, J. M., Hager, N., Rao, H., & Childress, A. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104102 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Consistent with previously reported sex-specific differences in smoking behavior [31,32,33], male NDs smoked a greater number of cigarettes per day and had higher pack-years than their female counterparts.”
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Mentholated cigarettes and smoking habits in whites and blacks
Muscat, J. E., Richie, J. P., & Stellman, S. D. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.368 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Should criteria for drug dependence differ across drugs?
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Behavioral Economic Analysis of Cue-Elicited Craving for Tobacco: A Virtual Reality Study
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“In fact, data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse confirms higher rates of a proxy measure of nicotine dependence for adolescents compared to adults at the same level of use (Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialConcordance of different measures of nicotine dependence: Two pilot studies
Hughes, J. R., Oliveto, A. H., Riggs, R. L., Kenny, M. J., Liguori, A., Pillitteri, J. L., & MacLaughlin, M. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.031 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Light and intermittent cigarette smokers: a review (1989–2009)
Coggins, C. R. E., Murrelle, E. L., Carchman, R. A., & Heidbreder, C. A. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1675-4 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“1999), have lower daily smoking rates (Caraballo et al. 1998; Hahn et al. 1990; Harris et al. 1993; Kandel and Chen 2000; Stellman et al. 2003), and report more quit attempts in the past year (Royce et al.”
BackgroundResultPrevalence of DSM/ICD-defined nicotine dependence
Hughes, J. R., Helzer, J. E., & Lindberg, S. A. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The absence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in moderate-to-heavy daily smokers
Donny, E. C., & Dierker, L. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.019 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript criteria for nicotine dependence (Breslau et al., 2001,Dierker et al., 2006,Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultThe influence of gender, race, and menthol content on tobacco exposure measures
Mustonen, T., Spencer, S., Hoskinson, R. A., Sachs, D. P. L., & Garvey, A. J. (2005) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200500185199 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Nicotine dependence among African American light smokers: A comparison of three scales
Okuyemi, K. S., Pulvers, K. M., Cox, L. S., Thomas, J., Kaur, H., Mayo, M. S., Nazir, N., Etter, J., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Some studies have also reported differences in nicotine dependence among various racial/ethnic groups (Kandel & Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundResultCounotte, D. S., Smit, A. B., Pattij, T., & Spijker, S. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.010 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Age-dependent differences in nicotine reward and withdrawal in female mice
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“6%).(37) We found only one study that examined nicotine dependence among US ethnic subgroups.”
Nicotine dependence symptoms among young never-smokers exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke
Bélanger, M. F., O’Loughlin, J. L., Okoli, C. T. C., McGrath, J. J., Setia, M. S., Guyon, L., & Gervais, A. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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“Although prevalence rates have decreased over the past few decades, the proportion of light smokers is growing.(2,3) Light smoking is particularly evident among certain segments of the U.”
BackgroundCao, J., Belluzzi, J. D., Loughlin, S. E., Keyler, D. E., Pentel, P. R., & Leslie, F. M. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301327 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“As compared to their adult counterparts, juveniles more readily develop symptoms of tobacco dependence (Kandel and Chen, 2000) and those who begin smoking in early adolescence are more likely to experience difficulty in quitting than those who start at later ages (Breslau and Peterson, 1996; Chen and Millar, 1998).”
Intergenerational Patterns of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among US Adolescents
Kandel, D. B., Griesler, P. C., & Hu, M. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302775 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reitzel, L. R., Costello, T. J., Mazas, C. A., Vidrine, J. I., Businelle, M. S., Kendzor, D. E., Li, Y., Cofta-Woerpel, L. M., & Wetter, D. W. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn021 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A genome‐wide screen for nicotine dependence susceptibility loci
Swan, G. E., Hops, H., Wilhelmsen, K. C., Lessov‐Schlaggar, C. N., Li, C., Hudmon, K. S., Amos, C. I., Feiler, H. S., Ring, H. Z., Andrews, J. A., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30315 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Smoking-related cue-induced brain activation in adolescent light smokers
Rubinstein, M. L., Luks, T. L., Moscicki, A.-B., Dryden, W., Rait, M. A., & Simpson, G. V. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.016 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Age-associated changes in nicotine dependence
Park, S., Lee, J.-Y., Song, T. M., & Cho, S. (2012) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2012.02.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“duration and nicotine dependence is, however, relatively weak in adults.(2,4) Smoking duration is highly correlated with age, as smoking duration is derived from the difference between current age and age at smoking initiation.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNeurochemical alterations produced by daily nicotine exposure in periadolescent vs. adult male rats
Collins, S. L., Wade, D., Ledon, J., & Izenwasser, S. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.039 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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“In this respect, the results of this analysis diverge from those reported Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article-abstract/30/4/319/942981 by guest on 24 July 2018 for adults on a national sample (Kandel & Chen, 2000).”
ResultAge dependent nicotinic influences over dopamine neuron synaptic plasticity
Placzek, A. N., Zhang, T. A., & Dani, J. A. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.014 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In the United States most smokers begin using before the age of 18 [19-21], and these young people are more likely to make the transition to a daily smoking habit [22-25].”
BackgroundEnhanced nicotine reward in adulthood after exposure to nicotine during early adolescence in mice
Kota, D., Robinson, S. E., & Imad Damaj, M. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.099 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effect of Children on Home Smoking Restriction by Inner-City Smokers
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“Although higher levels of smoking are generally associated with a higher prevalence of nicotine dependence(37,38) there is only a modest association between cigarette consumption and dependence,(37) and no defined amount of smoking automatically leads to dependence.(39) Recent studies showed that a substantial proport…”
Laviolette, S. R. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108411 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mahajan, S. D., Homish, G. G., & Quisenberry, A. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.664748 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Role of Nicotine Dependence in E-Cigarettes’ Potential for Smoking Reduction
Selya, A., Dierker, L., Rose, J. S., et al. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx160 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Brielmaier, J., McDonald, C. G., & Smith, R. F. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2378-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The majority of all adult cigarette smokers began in adolescence (Centers for Disease Control 2008), suggesting that initiating tobacco use at an early age confers a higher risk for dependence (Kandel and Chen 2000).”
BackgroundCaraballo, R. S., Novak, S. P., & Asman, K. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Hoffman, J. H., & Tidwell, M. O. (2011) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00116.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Tobacco Etiology Research Network (TERN), Dierker, L., Swendsen, J., Rose, J., He, J., & Merikangas, K. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9330-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The findings confirm previous observations from nationally representative samples demonstrating that the progression across initial smoking stages is associated with race/ ethnicity, age, and parental education [12].”
ResultA Comparison of Nicotine Biomarkers and Smoking Patterns in Daily and Nondaily Smokers
Shiffman, S. S., Dunbar, M. S., & Benowitz, N. L. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-1014 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“AA smokers also have been reported to metabolize nicotine more slowly than WH smokers (24, 25).”
BackgroundTobacco Smoking: Patterns, Health Consequencesfor Adults, and the Long-term Health of the Offspring
Maritz, G. S., & Mutemwa, M. (2012) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v4n4p62 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“On the other hand, black females smoke less than their white counterparts (Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundNicotine Dependence and Withdrawal Symptoms among Occasional Smokers
Panday, S., Reddy, P. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Bergström, E., & de Vries, H. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ayo-Yusuf, O. A., Swart, T. J. P., & Pickworth, W. B. (2004) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2003.006601 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Predictors of cessation in African American light smokers enrolled in a bupropion clinical trial
Faseru, B., Nollen, N. L., Mayo, M. S., Krebill, R., Choi, W. S., Benowitz, N. L., Tyndale, R. F., Okuyemi, K. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Cox, L. S. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.010 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…consistently demonstrate higher cotinine levels and have a greater prevalence of menthol smoking compared to non-Hispanic White American smokers (Kandel & Chen, 2000; Trinidad et al., 2009), smoking cessation pharmacotherapy using Bupropion SR, improving attendance of counseling sessions and…”
Developmental differences in nicotine place conditioning
TORRELLA, T. A., BADANICH, K. A., PHILPOT, R. M., KIRSTEIN, C. L., & WECKER, L. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1308.052 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
ADOLESCENT NICOTINE METABOLISM: ETHNORACIAL DIFFERENCES AMONG DEPENDENT SMOKERS
Moolchan, E. T., Franken, F. H., & Jaszyna-Gasior, M. (2006) · PubMed · doi:10.13016/ovfm-bldx · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Smoking and predictors of nicotine dependence in a homeless population
Torchalla, I., Strehlau, V., Okoli, C. T. C., Li, K., Schuetz, C., & Krausz, M. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr101 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hallit, J., Salameh, P., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Soufia, M., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, R. R., & Hallit, S. R. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02116-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Robinson, M. L., Berlin, I., & Moolchan, E. T. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.10.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Rubinstein, M. L., Luks, T. L., Dryden, W. Y., Rait, M. A., & Simpson, G. V. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr046 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Using behavioral measures, some argue that the brains of adolescents are hypersensitive to these effects, displaying behaviors consistent with these brain alterations after much lower exposure to nicotine compared with adults (Kandel & Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundGriesler, P. C., Hu, M., Schaffran, C., & Kandel, D. B. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185d2ad · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of prenatal drug exposure
Dow-Edwards, D. L., Benveniste, H., Behnke, M., Bandstra, E. S., Singer, L. T., Hurd, Y. L., & Stanford, L. (2006) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.03.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Epidemiological and experimental studies now increasingly indicate that diseases such as autism, schizophrenia, depression, addiction, obesity and certain forms of degeneration may have their origin early in life [48,87,92].”
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Predictors of Smoking Cessation
Daza, P., Cofta-Woerpel, L. M., Mazas, C. A., Fouladi, R. T., Cinciripini, P. M., Gritz, E. R., & Wetter, D. W. (2006) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080500410884 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“African Americans smoke fewer cigarettes per day (Clemmey et al., 1997; Hahn et al., 1990; Murray et al., 2001; Novotny et al., 1988), have lower dependence scale scores (Moolchan et al., 2000), and are less likely to meet DSM-IV dependence criteria than are Whites (Kandel and Chen, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnique effects of nicotine across the lifespan
Ren, M., Lotfipour, S., & Leslie, F. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173343 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Han, B., Einstein, E. B., & Compton, W. M. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19602 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chen, D. B. K.
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-08-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-274
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2170400987
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da009110-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH30906)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA00081, DA 09110)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, cigarette smoking, sociodemographic differences, sex differences, racial and ethnic differences, age differences, nicotine sensitivity, adolescents, women, older adults, drug-related problems, risk thresholds
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Time Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models
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