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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire
Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
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35. The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites
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Fitzmaurice, A. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490521 · Cited by 145
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
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Reason and Reckoning: Provocations and Conversations About Re-imagining Samuel Griffith’s University
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Space and Place: Cultural Heritage and Colonial Commemoration at Australian Tertiary Institutions
Roberts, Z., & Binet, J. U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28609-4_4 · Cited by 2
Thomas, K. R. (2023) · ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH · doi:10.1186/s40068-023-00309-4 · Cited by 2
“For the WLRWHA, set on the Lower Darling run, this interpretation of terra nullius was particularly fitting as the area was and is a semi-arid region with low density community groups (Borch 2001; Frost 1981; Wolfe 2006).”
MethodPraise the Gardeners, Dun the Hunters: Alaska Natives, Taxation, and Settler Colonialism
Zahnd, M. (2023) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417523000300 · Cited by 2
“There, the “ logic of elimination ” — the blunt replacement of Natives by newcomers (Wolfe 2006) — empowered tax laws and policies with the ability to make and break one ’ s socio-political belonging (Zahnd 2022).”
BackgroundDias-Scopel, R. P., Scopel, D., & Langdon, E. J. (2023) · Medicine Anthropology Theory · doi:10.17157/mat.10.2.6909 · Cited by 3
Decolonising Islam: Indigenous Peoples, Muslim Communities, and the Canadian Context
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Mott, C. (2023) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2023.2261522 · Cited by 2
“Settler colonialism is an ongoing process, as Tuck and McKenzie (2015), Tuck and Yang (2012), Wolfe (2006), and many others have shown.”
BackgroundSehgal, A., Scott, S., Murry, A. T., Henderson, R., Barnabe, C. C. M., & Crowshoe, L. L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073184 · Cited by 2
“Despite this, all patients discussed several instances of previously experienced healthcare violence.”
BackgroundKeeler, K. (2023) · ISLE Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment · doi:10.1093/isle/isad077 · Cited by 3
Brown, H. E., Begay, R. L., Sanderson, P. R., Chief, C., Lameman, B., & Harris, R. B. (2024) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000061 · Cited by 2
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Alesi, D. (2024) · Global Food History · doi:10.1080/20549547.2024.2342182 · Cited by 2
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“…conditions of colonial violence, or the threat of more thereof; and second, to the forms of history and memory that are possible when such an structural process like colonization is a contested or even disavowed matter within the established regimes of truth and knowledge (Wolfe 2006, p. 388).”
Justice, B. (2016) · Theory and Research in Education · doi:10.1177/1477878515625654 · Cited by 2
“Finally, as Wolfe (2006) observes, the settler colonial societies are usually at the edge of the broader process of colonialism writ large and often engage in extra state violence, but with the state not far behind.”
BackgroundThe Silence of Ely S. Parker: The Emancipation Sublime and the Limits of Settler Memory
Rifkin, M. (2014) · Native American and Indigenous Studies · doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.1.2.0001 · Cited by 2
“A shift in the playing field”: Indigenous sovereignty and the philosophy of Jacques Ranciѐre
Ruckstuhl, K. (2017) · AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/1177180116689024 · Cited by 2
“…to show that there has been unceasing Indigenous dissent against “steamrolling settler” states (McHugh, 2011) that have used legal, anthropological and philosophical arguments to refuse Indigenous people such recognition (Coulthard, 2007; Miller et al., 2010; Muthu, 2003; Tuori, 2015; Wolfe, 2006).”
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Keenan, S. (2017) · Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly · doi:10.53386/nilq.v68i3.52 · Cited by 2
Mudde, L. (2018) · Alberta Academic Review · doi:10.29173/aar10 · Cited by 2
“The consequences in residential schools were analyzed by the TRC as cultural genocide and would, according to Patrick Wolfe, be categorized as part of the logic of elimination and structural genocide (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFire-Stick Picturesque: Landscape Art and Early Colonial Tasmania
Lum, J. (2018) · British Art Studies · doi:10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-10/jlum · Cited by 2
Truth-Telling the Dark Tourism of Australian Teacher Education
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Gender, nature and nation: Resource nationalism on primary sector reality TV
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“…deeply rooted in European ‘enlightenment’, Western religions and settler colonialism, often with emphasis on nature as an object, resource or piece of property freely available for and best put to use by specific people and social groups (Cronon, 1996; Merchant, 2004; Plumwood, 2002; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundEditors' Introduction Tango Dancing with María Lugones: Toward Decolonial Feminisms
Velez, E. D., & Tuana, N. (2020) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · doi:10.5325/critphilrace.8.1–2.0001 · Cited by 2
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Jaipal, R., & Gaba, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.020 · Cited by 2
Okorodudu, C., Kuriansky, J., Walker, P. R., & Denmark, F. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.005 · Cited by 2
Mediterranean blues: archives, repertoires and the black holes of modernity
Cariello, M., & Chambers, I. M. (2020) · California Italian Studies · doi:10.5070/c3102048843 · Cited by 2
Water Governance: Retheorizing Politics
Harris, L. M., Shah, S. H., Wilson, N. J., & Nelson, J. E. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03921-561-4 · Cited by 2
Replacing Rights with Indigenous Relationality to Reclaim Homelands
Reid, J. L. (2021) · Helsinki University Press eBooks · doi:10.33134/ahead-1-9 · Cited by 4
Abraham, C. (2022) · TOPIA Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.3138/topia-2020-0018 · Cited by 2
“In situating the Sir George narrative within this scheme of representation, we might note in concert with Indigenous scholars how the Canadian settler state is embedded in a mesh of colonial representations, narratives and operations (Wolfe 2006; Simpson 2014).”
Lapin ihminen. Identifikaatiot, ympäristöt ja yhteinen erityisyys
Nykänen, T. (2022) · doi:10.21435/tl.273 · Cited by 2
Un-Settling Questions: The Construction of Indigeneity and Violence Against Native Women
Robertson, K. (2012) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Beyond the new Dawes Act : a critique of the First Nations Property Ownership Act
Fabris, M. (2016) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0308596 · Cited by 2
McLean, S. (2016) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 2
Prophecies of Hope, Acts of Refusal: Self-Determination and Ceremony at Standing Rock
Brandt, C. L. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 2
Settler Visions of Health: Health Care Provision in the Central African Federation, 1953-1963
Valentine, C. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.5904 · Cited by 2
Infotality: On Living, Loving, and Dying Through Information
Reynolds, J. M. (2018) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2017.1409832 · Cited by 2
“…colonialism, border imperialism, Western military–industrial complexes, mass incarceration, and state policing are the primary forces determining health patterns, both local and global, and the relationships that are supported or destroyed in their wake (Wolfe 2006; Nail 2016; Alexander 2012).”
BackgroundDehumanization and the Metaphysics of Genocide: A New Theory for Genocide Prevention
Eichler, L. J. (2019) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 2
Pappé, I. (2020) · The Journal of Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.1162/jinh_r_01512 · Cited by 2
Social justice and Israel/Palestine: foundational and contemporary debates
Badarin, E. (2021) · Journal of Modern Jewish Studies · doi:10.1080/14725886.2021.1903233 · Cited by 2
Collins, J., & McGranahan, C. (2018) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv120qtmn.4 · Cited by 2
'Akapapa'anga Ara Tangata: Genealogising the (Cook Islands) Māori imaginary
Powell, E. N. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14642595.v1 · Cited by 5
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Hatfield, D. W. (2022) · doi:10.5040/9781350232310.0014 · Cited by 2
Lee, T. A., Lee, L., & Carpio, M. V. (2020) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0251 · Cited by 2
An Archive of Settler Belonging: Local Feeling, Land, and the Forest Resource on Vancouver Island
Black, K. (2017) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-12847 · Cited by 4
The bureaucratic organization of race in deportation and Canadian immigration policy
Kelly, M. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14661243 · Cited by 2
Colonial and Postcolonial Cities
Hugill, D. (2017) · The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory · doi:10.1002/9781118430873.est0438 · Cited by 2
The bureaucratic organization of race in deportation and Canadian immigration policy
Kelly, M. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14661243.v1 · Cited by 2
Identifying and filling racism data gaps in Victoria: A stocktake review
Ben, J., Elias, A., Sharples, R., Dunn, K. M., McGarty, C., Truong, M., Mansouri, F., Denson, N., Walton, J., & Paradies, Y. (2022) · doi:10.56311/mqvn2911 · Cited by 2
Kim, D. (2021) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0274.1.02 · Cited by 2
Fish, J., Ansloos, J. P., O’Keefe, V. M., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pcvws · Cited by 2
Cabral, B. (2025) · Abolitionist Perspectives in Social Work · doi:10.52713/he1a0v47 · Cited by 3
Elliott, C. R. (2024) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.1215/00141801-10887971 · Cited by 1
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Field, L. W. (2013) · Archaeologies · doi:10.1007/s11759-013-9237-0 · Cited by 1
Fourth World Nations’ Collision with Capitalism in the United States
Gilio-Whitaker, D. (2025) · Fourth World Journal · doi:10.63428/f4857618 · Cited by 1
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Woolford, A. J. (2019) · Modern cartography · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815343-7.00006-3 · Cited by 1
The moral politics of emigration: gendered figures of migration and the anxiety of diasporic return
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“value (Malkki, 1992) because sedentarism is part of ‘indigenising’ colonising populations and eliminating Indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Uncanny Return of Settler-Colonial Capitalism in Toni Morrison’s Home
Pease, D. E. (2020) · boundary 2 · doi:10.1215/01903659-8193233 · Cited by 1
Ethical Archetypes in Environmental Histories
Ali, M. S. (2020) · Rhizomes Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge · doi:10.20415/rhiz/036.e01 · Cited by 1
Arista, N. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478012344-003
Chapter 10 Our Stories Are Maps Larger Than Can Be Held
Aguon, J. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375968-011 · Cited by 1
From the Overman to the Posthuman
Malabou, C. (2015) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375739-004 · Cited by 1
The Intersection of Psychology and Human Rights in Addressing Racism, Discrimination, and Xenophobia
Flores, R. L., Okorodudu, C., & Shepherd, V. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.006 · Cited by 1
Psychosocial Features of Movements That Have Advanced Human Rights
Christie, D. J., Bretherton, D., & Lunn, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.024 · Cited by 2
Feng, J. (2021) · History of European Ideas · doi:10.1080/01916599.2021.1913210 · Cited by 1
Saving Children to EliminateHijras
Hinchy, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108592208.011 · Cited by 1
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de la Rosa, A. J. F. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Archaeology · doi:10.1558/jca.41456 · Cited by 1
Nazi Grand Strategy, Genocide, and Dismantlement of the State System, 1941–1945
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Narrating the Territorial Foundations of Privilege: Racial Discourse and Indigenous Peoples
Everson, D. W. (2021) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492211043908 · Cited by 1
“Second, and in further distinction to Tilly’s example, violence is the critical instrument enabling Indigenous resource hoarding, enacted through both official state sanction and the “frontier rabble” (Wolfe 2006:392) on the periphery of the settler colonial formation.”
BackgroundHage, G. (2021) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022039-001 · Cited by 1
Chalmers, S. (2021) · Griffith Law Review · doi:10.1080/10383441.2021.2016047 · Cited by 1
“For the original formulation of settler colonialism as ‘structure rather than event’, see Wolfe (2006), p 390.”
BackgroundWynyard, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.9 · Cited by 1
Pycińska, M. (2021) · Literature and Theology · doi:10.1093/litthe/frab026 · Cited by 1
Táíwò, O. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197508893.003.0004 · Cited by 1
Making Space in Canadian Sociology
Watts, V. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197528778.013.14 · Cited by 1
Hammami, F. (2022) · Palgrave studies in cultural heritage and conflict · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77708-1_7 · Cited by 1
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022565-001 · Cited by 1
Badia, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42681-1_12-1 · Cited by 1
Varga, B. A., & Shear, S. B. (2022) · Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/15505170.2022.2107585 · Cited by 4
“These narratives are inscribed with various historical events (i.e., emplotment) meant to foreground the structures of settler colonialism (Wolfe, 2006) that endures Indigenous and ecological contexts (Kauanui, 2016).”
BackgroundFlahive, R. (2022) · Alternatives Global Local Political · doi:10.1177/03043754221109705 · Cited by 1
Hurley, N. (2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023272-012 · Cited by 1
Allen, L. C., & Garrison, J. S. (2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023272-011 · Cited by 3
The Ripple-effects of Carceral Policy
Mussell, L. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520220000020007 · Cited by 1
Pitching the "Big Tent" Outside
Chang, A. Y. (2021) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0274.1.13 · Cited by 2
Thomas, K. (2022) · Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology · doi:10.5334/jcaa.98 · Cited by 1
Beyond Rainbow Flags and Resilience
Scrine, E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898364.013.42 · Cited by 1
Maddison, S., & Thomas, A. (2023) · Indigenous-settler relations in Australia and the world · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9319-0_7 · Cited by 2
White Writing, Indigenous Australia, and the Chronotopes of the Settler Novel
Griffiths, M. R. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009083409.006 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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