Unsettling Archaeology

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people.

“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”

• cites Wolfe 2006 sourceSupported
• cites Tuck and Yang 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Women are disadvantaged compared to men in archaeology, including lower rates of lead-authorship, publication in top-tier journals, citation, grant submission, hiring at PhD granting institutions, and holding CRM permits.

“Many indicators suggest that women are disadvantaged compared to men in the discipline, including their lower rates of lead-authorship, publication in top-tier journals, citation, grant submission, hiring at PhD granting institutions, and holding CRM permits (e.g., Bardolph 2018;Fulkerson and Tushingham 2019;Goldstein et al. 2018;Hutson 2002;Jalbert 2019;Speakman et al. 2018;Tushingham et al. 2017”

• cites Bardolph 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fulkerson and Tushingham 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Gender Publishing Patterns section reports substantially fewer women than men as lead authors in the peer-reviewed journals studied, and the Discussion describes particularly low representation in high-impact journals. The Sociopolitics section discusses gender disparities in citation practices and hiring, including at PhD-granting institutions. Our copy does not establish lower grant-submission or CRM-permit-holding rates for women; its data on professional registrations are not data on CRM permits. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Jalbert 2019Partly supported

  The funding analysis reports fewer grant submissions by women, and the permit analysis reports substantially fewer permits issued to female principal investigators (pages not provided). The Women in Archaeology section discusses lower publication rates and disadvantages in employment, but the available passages do not establish lower lead-authorship, publication in top-tier journals, citation rates, or hiring specifically at PhD-granting institutions. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one.

Women are considerably outnumbered by men at mid-career and senior levels in archaeology and are leaving the discipline during and after their training at higher rates than men.

“However, they are considerably outnumbered by men at mid-career and senior levels and are leaving the discipline during and after their training at higher rates than men (Jalbert 2019; Overholtzer and Jalbert 2020; Society for American Archaeology [SAA] 2016).”

• cites Jalbert 2019Partly supported

  The Women in Archaeology section reports that men disproportionately filled tenure-track and CRM leadership positions, and the discussion following R152 says that more women entering the field had not translated into more women in higher positions (page numbers unavailable). The paper does not establish that women leave the discipline during and after training at higher rates than men. Its Graduation Rates section instead reports broadly similar proportions of men and women graduating relative to enrolment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Overholtzer and Jalbert 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites SAA 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Josh Dent developed the Heron Research Portal, a web-based platform designed to allow communities to share their research objectives with potential academic research partners.

“Josh Dent's paper describes the development of the Heron Research Portal, a web-based platform designed to allow communities to share their research objectives with potential academic research partners.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Farid Rahemtulla organized 13 University of Northern British Columbia archaeology field schools in partnership with several different First Nations in interior and coastal British Columbia.

“Farid Rahemtulla shares his experiences of organizing 13 University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC) archaeology field schools in partnership with several different First Nations in interior and coastal British Columbia.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Settler colonialism is maintained by the logic of elimination; in order for settlers to occupy the land, they must ultimately erase its Indigenous inhabitants.

“Unlike exogenous forms of colonialism that revolve around the selective expropriation of resources and rely on Indigenous populations to extract them, settler colonialism is maintained by the logic of elimination; in order for settlers to occupy the land, they must ultimately erase its Indigenous inhabitants.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Canada, archaeology emerged from colonial exploration and expansion, and is based on Western scientific thought and understandings of time and space.

“In Canada, the discipline emerged from colonial exploration and expansion, and is based on Western scientific thought and understandings of time and space.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Everyone living in a settler colonial context has a relationship with settler colonialism-one can benefit from it, be oppressed by it, or both benefit from and be oppressed by it simultaneously.

“Everyone living in a settler colonial context has a relationship with settler colonialism-one can benefit from settler colonialism, be oppressed by it, or both benefit from and be oppressed by it, simultaneously.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeology continued to sever the tie between Indigenous people and their past by removing Indigenous material culture and ancestors from Indigenous lands without permission, interpreting Indigenous histories without Indigenous input under the guise of objectivity, and failing to share research results with Indigenous communities.

“Archaeology continued to sever the tie between Indigenous people and their past by removing Indigenous material culture and ancestors from Indigenous lands without permission, interpreting Indigenous histories without Indigenous input under the guise of objectivity, and failing to share research results with Indigenous communities (Deloria 1969;Steeves 2015aSteeves , 2015b;;Weetaluktuk 1978;Yellow”

• cites Deloria 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Steeves 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yellowhorn 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

In the benevolent peacemaker narrative, settlers are cast as neutral arbiters of British law and justice who negotiated treaties and implemented Indian policy intended to bestow upon Indigenous people the generous benefits or gifts of peace, order, good government, and Western education.

“In this narrative, settlers are cast as neutral arbiters of British law and justice who negotiated treaties and implemented Indian policy intended to bestow upon Indigenous people the generous benefits or gifts of peace, order, good government, and Western education [Regan 2010:83].”

• cites Regan 2010:83Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Settler colonialism permeates archaeology in Canada.

“we examine some of the ways that settler colonialism permeates archaeology in Canada and argue for unsettling approaches to archaeology.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Racism, white supremacy, heteropatriarchy, and capitalism are forms of oppression woven into settler colonialism.

“Racism, white supremacy, heteropatriarchy, and capitalism are forms of oppression woven into settler colonialism.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The historic domination of archaeology by white, straight, cisgender men created an interpretive gaze based on Eurocentric and heteronormative values, which was passed on to many women and BIPOC archaeologists trained by the people who created it.

“The historic domina-tion of archaeology by white, straight, cisgender men created an interpretive gaze based on Eurocentric and heteronormative values (Franklin 1997;Slocum 1975), which was passed on to many women and BIPOC archaeologists trained by the people who created it (Slocum 1975).”

• cites Franklin 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Slocum 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Settler colonizers are Eurocentric, believing they have ethnic and moral superiority and this superiority is inevitable and natural.

“Settler colonizers are Eurocentric, believing they have ethnic and moral superiority and this superiority is inevitable and natural (Cox 2017).”

• cites Cox 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Unequal power relations within archaeology are entrenched and pervasive.

“Because the unequal power relations within archaeology are so entrenched and pervasive, change may come slowly.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeology often oppresses both people of the past and people in the present, especially Indigenous People, Black People, People of Colour, and LGBTQ2S+ community members.

“Archaeology is a product of and remains a tool for settler colonialism, often oppressing both people of the past and people in the present, especially Indigenous People, Black People, People of Colour, and LGBTQ2S+ community members.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Settler colonialism relies on heteropatriarchy and heteropaternalism because these serve as the model for social arrangements of the state and its institutions.

“Settler colonialism relies on heteropatriarchy 1 and heteropaternalism 2 because these serve as the model for social arrangements of the state and its institutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The Canadian peacemaker myth is used to silence the experiences of oppression of Black people and People of Colour in Canada.

“This myth is also used to silence the experiences of oppression of Black people and People of Colour in Canada.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Heteropatriarchy and heteropaternalism oppress women, non-binary people, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community, and can be harmful to straight cisgender men.

“They also oppress women, non-binary people, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community, and can be harmful to straight cisgender men.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The settler colonial, heteropatriarchal and heteropaternalistic foundations of archaeology oppress and colonize people of the past as well as people today.

“The settler colonial, heteropatriarchal and heteropaternalistic foundations of archaeology not only oppress people today, they also oppress and colonize people of the past.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Initially, archaeology was used to discredit Indigenous titles to land and justify colonization.

“Initially, it was used to discredit Indigenous titles to land and justify colonization (Sayre 1998).”

• cites Sayre 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeology is a product of and remains a tool for settler colonialism.

“Archaeology is a product of and remains a tool for settler colonialism, often oppressing both people of the past and people in the present, especially Indigenous People, Black People, People of Colour, and LGBTQ2S+ community members.”

• Also stated in: § An Abridged Account of Canadian Settler Colonialism and Archaeology · plain

  “Archaeology is both a product of settler colonialism and a tool for settler colonialism (Atalay 2006;Smith 1999).”

• cites Atalay 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Smith 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Change in archaeology may come slowly because unequal power relations within archaeology are entrenched and pervasive.

“Because the unequal power relations within archaeology are so entrenched and pervasive, change may come slowly.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Relinquishing control is key to the decolonizing aspects of unsettling archaeology, since decolonization requires upholding Indigenous rights to self-determination with respect to cultural heritage.

“Relinquishing control is key to the decolonizing aspects of unsettling archaeology, since decolonization requires upholding Indigenous rights to self-determination with respect to cultural heritage.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

An optimistic look at community-based approaches is that they seek to minimize colonial and other power imbalances in archaeological practice by applying and respecting the experiences and epistemologies of Indigenous, descendent, and/or stakeholder communities.

“An optimistic look at communitybased approaches is that they seek to minimize colonial and other power imbalances that are present in archaeological practice by applying and respecting the experiences and epistemologies of Indigenous, descendent, and/or stakeholder communities (Atalay 2008).”

• cites Atalay 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Decolonization rhetoric within settler circles can sometimes further colonization by working to pacify Indigenous people enough that settlers can carry on the status quo.

“Decolonization rhetoric within settler circles can sometimes further colonization by working to pacify Indigenous people enough that settlers can carry on the status quo.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Colonialism is alive and well in archaeology, even within archaeology projects that aim to decolonize.

“This #NotAllArchaeologists rhetoric distracts from the fact that colonialism is alive and well in archaeology, even within archaeology projects that aim to decolonize.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Colonial forms of denial, guilt, and empathy act as barriers to socio-political change because Canadians want to relieve these feelings rather than look closely at ourselves and the collective responsibility we bear for the colonial status quo.

“Regan (2010:11) argues that colonial forms of denial, guilt, and empathy, act as barriers to socio-political change because Canadians want to relieve these feelings rather than look closely at ourselves and the collective responsibility we bear for the colonial status quo.”

• cites Regan 2010:11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Unsettling paradigms will mean different things to different people and play out differently within each project and for each participant, depending on individuals' unique relationships to settler colonialism, their own experiences, and the context.

“Unsettling paradigms will mean different things to different people and play out differently within each project and for each participant, depending on individuals' unique relationships to settler colonialism, their own experiences, and the context.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Learning about the culture and strengths of Nunatsiavummiut and building research projects that build on these strengths helps decentre whiteness and build strong futures for Nunatsiavummiut and their communities.

“Learning about the culture and strengths of Nunatsiavummiut and building research projects that build on these strengths also helps decentre whiteness and build strong futures for Nunatsiavummiut and their communities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Community-based approaches alone cannot decolonize archaeology, as archaeology continues to operate within settler colonial structures.

“Community-based approaches alone cannot decolonize archaeology, as archaeology continues to operate within settler colonial structures.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Applying unsettling approaches to archaeology can disrupt settler colonialism and help produce change.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Legislation governing commercial archaeology, which requires the retention and preservation of archaeological materials, assumes that the value of these materials lies in their study and interpretation by archaeologists.

“He argues that legisla-tion governing commercial archaeology, which requires the retention and preservation of archaeological materials, assumes that the value of these materials lies in their study and interpretation by archaeologists.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

This approach prioritizes Western research paradigms over Indigenous and Descendant community worldviews and produces a colonial system wherein 'expert' archaeologists manage access to the material heritage of Indigenous and Descendant communities.

“This approach prioritizes Western research paradigms over Indigenous and Descendant community worldviews and produces a very colonial system wherein “expert” archaeologists manage access to the material heritage of Indigenous and Descendant communities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The historic domination of archaeology by white, straight, cisgender men led to a focus on elite men of the past and resulted in interpretations that overlooked people of different socio-economic backgrounds, children, women, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community.

“It led to a focus on elite men of the past and resulted in interpretations that overlooked people of different socio-economic backgrounds, children, women, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community, to name a few.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Truth forms the basis for all unsettling work.

“Truth forms the basis for all such work.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Women, BIPOC, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community are still under-represented and face systemic barriers throughout their archaeology careers.

“Although the demographics of archaeologists have been changing in recent decades, women, BIPOC, and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community are still under-represented and face systemic barriers throughout their archaeology careers.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Decolonization has, in many aspects, become a metaphor, which re-centres whiteness and maintains settler futures.

“Tuck and Yang (2012) argue that decolonization has, in many aspects, become a metaphor, which re-centres whiteness and maintains settler futures.”

• cites Tuck and Yang 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Material heritage of Indigenous and Descendant communities is excavated in large volumes by commercial archaeologists and usually stored with little further study.

“The Portal is an attempt to allow these communities to direct research by academic archaeologists on their material heritage, which is excavated in large volumes by commercial archaeologists and usually stored with little further study.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

A reality of community-based approaches and decolonizing initiatives is that most lie somewhere in between their most optimistic aims and cynical criticisms.

“A r e a l i t y o f c o m m u n i t y -b a s e d approaches and decolonizing initiatives is that most lie somewhere in between their most optimistic aims and cynical criticisms.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Indigenous, feminist, and other civil rights movements spoke up against power structures inherent in archaeology, sparking ongoing changes to the way we think about and conduct archaeological research and create archaeological knowledge.

“Indigenous, feminist, and other civil rights movements spoke up against power structures inherent in archaeology (Deloria 1969;Franklin 1997;Slocum 1975), sparking ongoing changes to the way we think about and conduct archaeological research and create archaeological knowledge (Bruchac 2014;McNiven and Connaughton 2014;Nicholas 2010;Watkins and Nicholas 2014).”

• cites Deloria 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Franklin 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Slocum 1975Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Where data exist for North America, women make up the majority of archaeology students at all levels, and account for close to or over half of early career archaeologists.

“Where data exist for North America, women make up the majority of archaeology students at all levels, and account for close to or over half of early career archaeologists.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The field has made strides to make the discipline more inclusive and level the colonial power structures.

“The field has made strides to make the discipline more inclusive and level the colonial power structures.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

An unsettling approach is itself unsettled; always in flux because the future of archaeology is shaped by those we are working with, so there will never be a single method, even within the same project.

“As Michelle Davies points out in her paper on her ongoing work with Nunatsiavummiut, an unsettling approach is itself unsettled; always in flux because the future of archaeology is shaped by those we are working with, so there will never be a single method, even within the same project.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Indigenous consultation and heritage rights are being built into law and permitting processes in Canada.

“Indigenous consultation and heritage rights are being built into law and permitting processes in Canada.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The word "prehistory" insinuates that Indigenous people did not have history prior to the arrival of Europeans.

“The word “prehistory” also insinuates that Indigenous people did not have history prior to the arrival of Europeans.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Community-based approaches remain far from the standard in archaeology.

“However, they remain far from the standard.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Academia is oppressive for many communities and can stifle or silence experiences of BIPOC and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community.

“however, as discussed above, academia is oppressive for many communities and can stifle or silence experiences of BIPOC and members of the LGBTQ2S+ community.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeology as a whole remains deeply colonial, racist, and heteronormative.

“Archaeology as a whole remains deeply colonial, racist, and heteronormative.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

All unsettling work involves working together to build strong futures.

“All unsettling work also involves working together to build strong futures.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

For the most part, archaeologists have aimed to decolonize archaeology without challenging Canada's settler colonial framework, which is premised on the appropriation of Indigenous lands.

“For the most part, archaeologists have aimed to decolonize archaeology without challenging Canada's settler colonial framework, which is premised on the appropriation of Indigenous lands.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeology has been used in many ways to reproduce and uphold racist colonial narratives of Indigenous people and whitewash recent history of this land.

“Archaeology has been used in many ways to reproduce and uphold racist colonial narratives of Indigenous people and whitewash recent history of this land (Kelvin 2017).”

• cites Kelvin 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

A cynical look at community-based approaches is that they are used as a tool to help relieve settler archaeologists' guilt, so they can carry on their research without making substantial changes to the structures that make archaeology colonial.

“A cynical look at community-based approaches is that they are used as a tool to help relieve settler archaeologists' guilt, so they can carry on their research without making substantial changes to the structures that make archaeology colonial.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

We come to truth through listening, learning, and feeling.

“We come to truth through listening, learning, and feeling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Ten years after Nicholas's argument, community-based approaches continue to gain ground in the field and have become much more commonplace.

“Ten years later, community-based approaches continue to gain ground in the field and have become much more commonplace.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

One such move to innocence involves pointing to injustices that we ourselves experience, often referred to as participating in the 'Oppression Olympics', which decentres those experienced by others.

“One such move involves pointing to injustices that we ourselves experience, often referred to as participating in the “Oppression Olympics”, which decentres those experienced by others.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

True decolonization requires repatriation of life and land.

“Tuck and Yang (2012) point out that true decolonization requires repatriation of life and land.”

• cites Tuck and Yang 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Where decolonization strips away ideas and structural forms of oppression imposed through colonialism, Indigenization aims to build a world that centres Indigenous people.

“Where decolonization strips away ideas and structural forms of oppression imposed through colonialism, Indigenization aims to build a world that centres Indigenous people (Kovach 2009;Nanibush and Sinclair 2019;Sinclair 2003).”

• cites Kovach 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nanibush and Sinclair 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sinclair 2003Not checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

There is no one theory or method undertaken in community-based projects, as all communities have their own histories and present realities, so the appropriate theories and methods depend on who is involved and the context of the research.

“There is no one theory or method undertaken in communitybased projects, as all communities have their own histories and their own present realities, so the appropriate theories and methods depend on who is involved and the context of the research (Atalay 2008;Colwell-Chanthaphon et al. 2010).”

• cites Atalay 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Colwell-Chanthaphon et al. 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Numerous projects have aimed to reduce colonial, racial, and gendered power imbalances in archaeological research practice and interpretations.

“Numerous projects have aimed to reduce colonial, racial, and gendered power imbalances in our research practice and interpretations (e.g., Martindale and Lyons 2014;Nicholas and Andrews 1997).”

• cites Martindale and Lyons 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nicholas and Andrews 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Learning about the strengths and accomplishments of oppressed communities helps decentre whiteness and heteronormality.

“Learning about their strengths and accomplishments also helps decentre whiteness and heteronormality.”