The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 33 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
Open accessAbstract
The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire
Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
Snipp, C. M., & Thornton, R. (1990) · The American Indian Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1185031 · Cited by 403
Farber, D., & Litwack, L. F. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2649423 · Cited by 365
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
Litwack, L. F. (1998) · doi:10.5860/choice.36-0523 · Cited by 346
Land, labor, and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914
Shafir, G. (1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4058 · Cited by 241
35. The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites
Pratt, R. Η. (1973) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674435056.c39 · Cited by 171
Fitzmaurice, A. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490521 · Cited by 145
The Palestinian People: A History
Brown, L. C., Kimmerling, B., & Migdal, J. S. (2003) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033734 · Cited by 124
The idea of race and its elevation to autonomous scientific and legal status
Guillaumin, C. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203422243-6 · Cited by 67
Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948
Brown, L. C., & Benvenisti, M. (2000) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20049942 · Cited by 62
Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,601–2,700 of 6,388
Constructing Kahnawà:ke as an “Out-of-the-Way” Place
(2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822376781-003 · Cited by 2
Unsettling the Myth of Canadian Nationhood: Hockey and Embodied Indigenous Sovereignties
Norman, M. E., Petherick, L., & Albert, E. (. (2022) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2021-0115 · Cited by 2
Robinson, S. (2021) · Firenze University Press eBooks · doi:10.36253/978-88-5518-286-7.09 · Cited by 2
Silverman, S. J. (2020) · Migration and Society · doi:10.3167/arms.2021.040116 · Cited by 4
Crimean Tatar Infrastructures of Decolonial Care
Engelhardt, A., & Shestakova, S. (2022) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s1062798722000199 · Cited by 2
How Did It Come to This? Talking Kinship with Kath Weston
Weston, K., Freeman, E., & Bradway, T. (2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023272-014 · Cited by 1
Relations of ruling in the colonial present: An intersectional view of the Israeli imaginary
Santos, M. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.29173/cjs17940 · Cited by 2
Australian Aboriginal Activism in Interwar Britain and Europe: Anthony Martin Fernando
Paisley, F. (2009) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00608.x · Cited by 2
Decolonizing the Archive: Digitizing Native Literature with Students and Tribal Communities
Senier, S. (2015) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 2
Across the Barricades: Non-Indigenous Mobilization and Settler Colonialism in Canada
Morden, M. (2014) · Canadian Political Science Review · doi:10.24124/c677/2014557 · Cited by 2
“Stated simply, "settler colonialism destroys to replace" (Wolfe 2006: 388).”
BackgroundInfluentialJoseph, T. W. (2015) · Victorian Literature and Culture · doi:10.1017/s1060150314000540 · Cited by 2
Beiträge zum Göttinger Umwelthistorischen Kolloquium 2009 - 2010
Herrmann, B. (2010) · doi:10.17875/gup2010-490 · Cited by 2
Tallie, T. H. (2014) · Cited by 2
Terms of Revision: Contemporary Complicities and the Art of Collaboration
Kisin, E. (2015) · Collaborative anthropologies · doi:10.1353/cla.2015.0004 · Cited by 2
Graduiertenkolleg Interdisziplinäre Umweltgeschichte
Jakubowski-Tiessen, M. (2014) · Cited by 2
The Israeli left: part of the problem or the solution? A response to Giulia Daniele
Tatour, L. (2016) · Global Discourse · doi:10.1080/23269995.2016.1199474 · Cited by 2
Family, Spiritual Kinship, and Social Hierarchy in Early California
Pérez, E. (2016) · Early American studies · doi:10.1353/eam.2016.0024 · Cited by 2
Gallois, W. (2017) · Settler Colonial Studies · doi:10.1080/2201473x.2016.1273864 · Cited by 2
Sustainable Communities: Through the Lens of Cherokee Youth
Hardbarger, T. (2016) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.16137.71523 · Cited by 2
Roulière, C. (2017) · Angles · doi:10.4000/angles.1404 · Cited by 2
The Italo‐Abyssinian Crisis and Australian Settler Colonialism in 1935
Paisley, F. (2017) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12363 · Cited by 2
Doing Research With The Aboriginal Domain as a Non-indigenous Criminologist
Blagg, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55747-2_50 · Cited by 2
Marshallese Language and Diaspora
Schwartz, J. A. (2017) · Amerasia Journal · doi:10.17953/aj.43.1.105-135 · Cited by 2
“Taming” Bushman farm labour: a villeinous era in neo-feudal Namibia?
Gordon, R. J. (2017) · Anthropology Southern Africa · doi:10.1080/23323256.2017.1395708 · Cited by 2
“Manufacturing settlers What transpires when there is massive bureaucratic downscaling, especially in one of the world’s most sparsely populated countries, given that the most vocal proponents of “exterminating” Bushmen were farmers, the self-styled “backbone of the country,”4 who constituted the most powerful bloc in…”
BackgroundReading (for) Decolonization: Engaging With Life Writing in Labrador’s Them Days Magazine
Hallett, V. S. (2017) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708617750176 · Cited by 2
“Such reading grants as much respect to each story as do the editors and researchers at the magazine, while also attending to the “structure of settler colonialism” (Wolfe, 2006) that has influenced, and been resisted by, the constitution of the stories, the magazine, and my own analyses.”
Background(Un)making Canberra: Craft and the designing of settler-colonialism in Australia
Kiem, M. (2013) · craft + design enquiry · doi:10.22459/cde.05.2013.07 · Cited by 2
Colonization, Education, and Kanaka ‘Ōiwi Survivance
Wilson-Hokowhitu, N., & Goodyear-Ka‘ōpua, N. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3899-0_57 · Cited by 2
Chapitre 16. Reconnaissance ? Une critique anthropologique du cas australien
Préaud, M., & Dousset, L. (2014) · doi:10.4000/books.pacific.506 · Cited by 2
Contested Sonic Space: Settler Territoriality and Sonographic Visualization at Celilo Falls
Wesner, A. B. (2018) · Catalyst Feminism Theory Technoscience · doi:10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29909 · Cited by 2
“Pinkham constructs a historically specific sonic knowledge that is both an intimate claim to Indigenous social space and an indictment of the constant invisible terror of ongoing occupation (see Barker ed., 2017; Goldstein ed., 2014; Kauanui, 2016; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundHernandez (2018) · Studies in American Indian Literatures · doi:10.5250/studamerindilite.30.3-4.0072 · Cited by 2
Self-Determination and Violence against Indigenous Women
Kuokkanen, R. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190913281.003.0006 · Cited by 3
The Rise, Success and Dismantling of New Zealand's Anglican-led Māori Education System, 1814–64
Moon, P. (2019) · Studies in Church History · doi:10.1017/stc.2018.8 · Cited by 2
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) and Political Theory
Bruyneel, K., Dean, J., Jackson, J. E., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-019-00331-1 · Cited by 2
“As Patrick Wolfe put it, ‘‘settler colonizers come to stay’’ (2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundReynolds, J. M. (2018) · Levinas Studies · doi:10.5840/levinas20197163 · Cited by 2
Living, Land-Broken Waters: Epistemological Resistance in Solar Storms
Schaumberg, N. (2019) · Mosaic · doi:10.1353/mos.2019.0014 · Cited by 2
Learning to Live Lawfully on Country
Porter, L. (2019) · Indigenous-settler relations in Australia and the world · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9205-4_9 · Cited by 4
Learning From a Young Indigenous Artist: What Can Hip-Hop Teach Us?
Hudson, A. (2019) · Art Education · doi:10.1080/00043125.2019.1672498 · Cited by 2
Three Aral Sea Films and the Soviet Ecology
Brookes, A. (2020) · October · doi:10.1162/octo_a_00377 · Cited by 2
Inuit Visual and Sensate Sovereignty in Alethea Arnaquq-Baril’s Angry Inuk
Burelle, J. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Film Studies · doi:10.3138/cjfs.29.1.08 · Cited by 2
Indigenous Textual Cultures, the Politics of Difference, and the Dynamism of Practice
Ballantyne, T., & Paterson, L. (2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478012344-001 · Cited by 3
Indigenous stewardship as a lifeway1
Avalos, N. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Media · doi:10.1386/jem_00011_1 · Cited by 2
Koch, J. M., Chiao, H., & Nel, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.036 · Cited by 3
Reproductive Justice, Psychology, and Human Rights
Chrisler, J. C., & Sagrestano, L. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.022 · Cited by 2
Canetto, S. S., & Burn, S. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.009 · Cited by 3
Running (for) the Military: An Ethnography of Sport Militarism at the Canada Army Run
Desjardins, B. M. (2020) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2020-0011 · Cited by 2
The Call for Critical Multiculturalism
Vols, A. (2020) · USURJ University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.32396/usurj.v6i3.469 · Cited by 2
The Stolen Generations of Australia: Narratives of Loss and Survival
Bradford, C. (2020) · International Research in Children s Literature · doi:10.3366/ircl.2020.0356 · Cited by 2
Sweany, E. E. (2020) · English Language Notes · doi:10.1215/00138282-8557934 · Cited by 2
Always Becoming Bioregional: An Identity for the Anthropocene
Lynch, T. (2016) · Caliban · doi:10.4000/caliban.3324 · Cited by 2
Kapoor, D. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Action Research · doi:10.33524/cjar.v21i1.519 · Cited by 2
Western Environmental Phenomenology as a Colonizing Practice: The Question of Land
Guernsey, P. J. (2020) · ISLE Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment · doi:10.1093/isle/isaa189 · Cited by 3
Reflections on Teaching Critical Migration Law in a Settler-colonial Context (Dispatch)
Bhatia, A. (2021) · Studies in Social Justice · doi:10.26522/ssj.v14i2.2460 · Cited by 2
Naser–Najjab, N., & Hever, S. (2021) · Critical Studies on Security · doi:10.1080/21624887.2021.1875712 · Cited by 2
“…meant to sow division’ that is part of a ‘divide-andrule’ strategy Fanon (1963, 136) and, in so doing, anticipated Coordination and other Israeli strategies that accord to a settler-colonial ‘logic of elimination’ that is not ‘invariably genocidal’ (Wolfe 2006:388–9; Gregory 2004:79; Jamil 1976).”
BackgroundPratt, S. L. (2021) · Studies in universal logic · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58446-7_2 · Cited by 2
Staines, Z., Scott, J., & Morton, J. (2021) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/00048658211005516 · Cited by 2
“In a country where there is no national treaty between Indigenous peoples and the settler state, and whereby settler colonialism is best understood as a ‘structure not . . . event’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388), this history is both echoed in and compounded by strained police–Indigenous relations today.”
Backgroundda Cunha, O. M. G. (2018) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478002086-009 · Cited by 2
Karki, C. K. (2021) · Diaspora Studies · doi:10.1080/09739572.2021.1935562 · Cited by 2
Introduction: Gender and Indigeneity
Moreton‐Robinson, A. (2020) · Australian Feminist Studies · doi:10.1080/08164649.2020.1934397 · Cited by 2
“This form of colonisation Wolfe (2006) termed ‘settler colonialism’, defining it as a © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group CONTACT Aileen Moreton-Robinson aileen.moreton-robinson@rmit.edu.au structure by which the logic of extermination perpetuated the erasure of the native…”
BackgroundThe Transformational Change Agent Equation
Cheshire, T. C., Martinez-Alire, C. D., Esquivido, V., & Springer, M. (2021) · Advances in religious and cultural studies (ARCS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7235-1.ch009 · Cited by 2
Lloyd, D. (2021) · Journal of Law and Religion · doi:10.1017/jlr.2021.28 · Cited by 2
Black and Indigenous Theoretical Considerations for Higher Education Sustainability
Hailu, M. F., & Tachine, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education · doi:10.32674/jcihe.v13isummer.3754 · Cited by 2
Power and Dysfunction: The New South Wales Board for the Protection of Aborigines 1883–1940
Egan, R. (2021) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/pd.2021 · Cited by 2
Colonial and Decolonial Resignification: US Empire-state Sovereignty in Hawai‘i
Nicholls, H. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0198-871920210000038010 · Cited by 2
El imperialismo canadiense y el desplazamiento forzado de las comunidades garífunas de Honduras
Palmer, K. J., & Mallent, J. V. I. (2021) · Nómadas · doi:10.30578/nomadas.n54a3 · Cited by 2
“Enclaves de turismo residencial impulsados por Jorgensen y el recientemente fallecido Patrick Forseth se han venido desarrollando dentro de los límites de los títulos colectivos, así como dentro de la “zona de amortiguamiento” del Parque Nacional Capiro y Calentura y que forma parte del corredor de la cuenca del carib…”
BackgroundKoester, T. K., & Bryan, J. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486211045358 · Cited by 2
“Characterizing “invasion as a structure, not an event”, Wolfe describes the elimination of Indigenous Peoples as a continuous feature of settler societies (Wolfe, 1999, 2; see also Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundContextualising colonial violence: Causality, continuity and the Holocaust
Nielsen, M. B. (2021) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12701 · Cited by 2
The crisis of Confederate memory in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil
Brasher, J. P. (2021) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/17506980211054336 · Cited by 2
“Building on innovations in critical settler colonial and comparative racial and ethnic studies (Day, 2015; Leroy, 2016; Smallwood, 2019; Wolfe, 2006, 2008), I argue that this binary is unnecessary and instead should be reframed—particularly in terms of memory politics—as dialectically constituted…”
BackgroundGagliardi, M. (2021) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/cag.12734 · Cited by 2
Weiss, J. (2022) · Anthropologica · doi:10.18357/anthropologica6322021360 · Cited by 2
Planchou, C., & Baudry, S. (2022) · Presses universitaires de Strasbourg eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pus.30055 · Cited by 2
Mainstreaming Anti-colonial Discourse on Palestine: Mohammed El-Kurd’s Discursive Interventions
Saba, C. (2022) · Tripodos · doi:10.51698/tripodos.2021.51p49-67 · Cited by 2
Ville, S. P. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.014 · Cited by 2
Táíwò, O. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197508893.003.0003 · Cited by 2
Life Is a Woven Basket of Relations
Wright, K. (2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478022664-012 · Cited by 2
Violent Times, Rising Resistance: An Interdisciplinary Gender Perspective
Grisard, D. (2022) · doi:10.33058/seismo.30758 · Cited by 2
Huyser, K. R., & Locklear, S. (2022) · Journal of Economics Race and Policy · doi:10.1007/s41996-022-00101-z · Cited by 2
“…the effects of colonization which include the US policies and practices of land dispossession, the perpetuation of violence against Indigenous women and girls, and the ultimate goal of erasure of Indigenous peoples from the land that is currently known as the USA (Feagin 2006; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Anxiety - Location, Refuge, and Loss: A Visual Essay
Patterson, P., Black, J., & Payne, D. G. (2022) · Academia Letters · doi:10.20935/al4994 · Cited by 2
Colonialism and Its Knowledges
Patel, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4106-3_68-2 · Cited by 2
COLONIAL HUMANISM, ALTER-HUMANISM AND EX-COLONIALISM
Bignall, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42681-1_55-1 · Cited by 2
Hiding in Full View: The “Forgotten” Bushman Genocides of Namibia
Gordon, R. J. (2009) · Genocide Studies and Prevention · doi:10.1353/gsp.0.0006 · Cited by 2
(2018) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478002321-006 · Cited by 2
Silverstein, B. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315181929-4 · Cited by 2
Janara, L. (2013) · Dialogue · doi:10.1017/s0012217313000838 · Cited by 2
Re-Presenting Melanesia: Ignoble Savages and Melanesian Alter-Natives
Kabutaulaka, T. T. (2019) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/uo.2019.10 · Cited by 2
López, A. C. (2022) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies · doi:10.24926/ijps.v9i1.4649 · Cited by 2
“This made necessary the continued taking of lands and the limiting of Native American sovereignty (Wolfe, 2006), while controlling and subjugating enslaved individuals.”
BackgroundReclaiming archives: guest editorial
Barwick, L., Huebner, S., Ormond-Parker, L., et al. (2021) · Preservation Digital Technology & Culture · doi:10.1515/pdtc-2022-0008 · Cited by 2
“The growing fi eld of Settler Colonial Studies has sought to expose how the appropriation of First Nations cultures served to attribute creative, political, nation-de fi ning agency to non-Indigenous Australians at the expense of First Nations people (Harris 2020; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundWhitman’s Undemocratic Vistas: Mortal Anxiety, National Glory, White Supremacy
Turner, J. (2022) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422000727 · Cited by 2
“Racial elimina-tionist logics enable white westward movement and consummate American nationality (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundSettler colonialism in Latin American and Native studies: an interview with Shannon Speed
Stephen, L. M. (2022) · Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies · doi:10.1080/17442222.2022.2113308 · Cited by 2
Beltran-Sellitti, E. D. F., & Shayan, T. (2022) · Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/14639491221139314 · Cited by 2
“Engendering notions of empty land, the settler-colonial logic dismisses the complex vibrancy of Indigenous communities by deeming Indigenous groups inferior, nomadic and primitive (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialTheft: Grave robbery, territorial conquest, and irrigation
Mott, C. (2022) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486221145410 · Cited by 2
“As Wolfe says, it is “ a structure rather than an event ” (Wolfe, 2006: 390).”
BackgroundDecriminalising Rap Beat by Beat
Fatsis, L. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003186410-6 · Cited by 2
Nhemachena, A. (2022) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-022-09601-6 · Cited by 2
“Whereas Africans fought liberation wars so as to repossess ownership over their land, some anthropologists (Banner, 2005; Kapila, 2022; Wolfe, 2006) argue that precolonial Africans did not have notions and practices of land ownership.”
BackgroundINTERCORPOREITY OF ANIMATED WATER
Pugliese, J. (2023) · Angelaki · doi:10.1080/0969725x.2023.2167781 · Cited by 2
Badarin, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09756-0_8 · Cited by 2
Indigenous Zoom: Relational Approaches to Virtual Learning
Rosenblum, J. A., & Jacob, M. M. (2023) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2023.2200209 · Cited by 4
“Settler colonial systems are designed to erase, invisibilize, and oppress Indigenous peoples, languages, cultures, and societies (Grande, 2004; Sabzalian, 2019; Wolfe, 2006).”
Brunet-Bélanger, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25883-1_5 · Cited by 2
Race, Property, and Erasure in the Rust Belt
Herbert, C. W., & Brown, M. (2023) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x23000061 · Cited by 2
“As Patrick Wolfe (2006) explains, “ Today in the U.S., the blatant racial zoning of large cities and the penal system suggests that, once colonized people outlive their utility, settler societies can fall back on the repertoire of strategies (in this case, spatial sequestration) whereby they have…”
BackgroundInfluentialResistance to the Trans Mountain Expansion in a Settler Colonial Context
Karsgaard, C. (2023) · Palgrave studies in education and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26182-4_2 · Cited by 2
Spiritual Dimensions of Farming Amid Settler Colonialism
Gupta, H. S. (2023) · Political Theology · doi:10.1080/1462317x.2023.2226960 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
