Exploratory GIS: Modelling Past Land Use and Occupancy with Functional Connectivity, Willandra Lakes Region World Heritage Area, NSW, Australia

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Shifting the perspective and focus on the network nodes between inter- and intra-patch salience does change the symbolisation of the GIS output because different areas become more crucial to preserving the integrity of the structure of the habitat corridors.

“However, shifting the perspective and focus on the network nodes between inter- and intra-patch salience does change the symbolisation of the GIS output because different areas become more crucial to preserving the integrity of the structure of the habitat corridors.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These areas are salient for both connectivity (dIIC) and intrapatch importance (dIICintra).

“These areas are salient for both connectivity (dIIC) and intrapatch importance (dIICintra).”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “These areas are salient for both connectivity (dIIC) and intrapatch importance (dIICintra).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Figure 2, the interpatch areas are the areas where the water resources are the most structurally salient with thresholds set to half a standard deviation from the mean.

“In Figure 2, the interpatch areas are the areas where the water resources are the most structurally salient with thresholds set to half a standard deviation from the mean.”

• Also stated in: § Methods · plain

  “In Figure 2, the interpatch areas are the areas where the water resources are the most structurally salient with thresholds set to half a standard deviation from the mean.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Figure 3, these red areas are the most clearly represented when the distance from water resources was incorporated into the model with 1 standard deviation from the mean as the classification threshold.

“In Figure 3, these red areas are the most clearly represented when the distance from water resources was incorporated into the model with 1 standard deviation from the mean as the classification threshold.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The areas that are in red equate to these areas of structural salience and these areas include zones that are outside of the lakebed floors within natural breaks.

“The areas that are in red equate to these areas of structural salience and these areas include zones that are outside of the lakebed floors within natural breaks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The available modern bore data show no trends with ground water depth.

“The available modern bore data show no trends with ground water depth, but this is due to inconsistencies in the data set (Figure 9).”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The GIS modelling outputs above follow the common practice of using available hydrological and environmental data to map both land suitability and internal connections within resource zones.

“The GIS modelling outputs above follow the common practice of using available hydrological and environmental data to map both land suitability and internal connections within resource zones.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “The GIS modelling outputs above follow the common practice of using available hydrological and environmental data to map both land suitability and internal connections within resource zones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Shifting the perspective and focus on the network nodes between inter- and intra-patch salience changes the symbolisation of the GIS output because different areas become more crucial to preserving the integrity of the structure of the habitat corridors.

“However, shifting the perspective and focus on the network nodes between inter- and intra-patch salience does change the symbolisation of the GIS output because different areas become more crucial to preserving the integrity of the structure of the habitat corridors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Landscape-level pathways between areas defined as suitable for land use and occupancy within the Willandra Lakes Region World Heritage Area, NSW, are structurally salient connections criss-crossing Country.

“Landscape level pathways between areas defined as suitable for land use and occupancy within the Willandra Lakes Region World Heritage Area (WLRWHA), NSW are structurally salient connections, criss-crossing Country.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The available modern bore data show no trends with ground water depth, but this is due to inconsistencies in the data set.

“The available modern bore data show no trends with ground water depth, but this is due to inconsistencies in the data set (Figure 9).”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The above modelling has identified areas that are structurally salient and key within hydrological and ecotonal frameworks in the current landscape.

“The above modelling has identified areas that are structurally salient and key within hydrological and ecotonal frameworks in the current landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Areas classified as highly suitable for locating water resources with relative ease are less structurally salient than the rarer ground water soaks in otherwise dry landforms.

“Areas that are classified as highly suitable for locating water resources with relative ease are areas that are less structurally salient than the rarer ground water soaks in otherwise dry landforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Exploratory GIS in this study provides a way of presenting other areas of Country that may have been actively traversed or settled, through modelling possible links and signatures of connectivity between past land use zones and potential water sources.

“Exploratory GIS in this study provides a way of presenting other areas of Country that may have been actively traversed or settled through modelling possible links and signatures of connectivity between past land use zones and potential water sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Figure 3, the red areas are most clearly represented when the distance from water resources was incorporated into the model with 1 standard deviation from the mean as the classification threshold.

“In Figure 3, these red areas are the most clearly represented when the distance from water resources was incorporated into the model with 1 standard deviation from the mean as the classification threshold.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Different methods or different thresholds equate to different models.

“Exploratory GIS illustrates conclusively that different methods or different thresholds equates to different models.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Models of the potential connections between ecologically significant land use patches and key hydrology provide iterative networks of functional connectivity that highlight salient pathways of past land use and occupancy of Country.

“Models of the potential connections between ecologically significant land use patches and key hydrology provide iterative networks of functional connectivity, highlighting salient pathways of past land use and occupancy of Country.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The areas in red equate to areas of structural salience and include zones outside of the lakebed floors within natural breaks.

“The areas that are in red equate to these areas of structural salience and these areas include zones that are outside of the lakebed floors within natural breaks.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Figure 11, it is apparent that the fences disrupt the initial routes, that there is a centralisation of routes to the middle of Lake Mungo and to the north-east of Paika block, converging on Box Creek.

“In Figure 11, it is apparent that the fences disrupt the initial routes, that there is a centralisation of routes to the middle of Lake Mungo and to the north-east of Paika block, converging on Box Creek.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Exploratory GIS provide alternative parameters to communicate the differing presentations of visual and structural salience within GIS modelling.

“Exploratory GIS provide alternative parameters to communicate the differing presentations of visual and structural salience within GIS modelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Mutthi Mutthi centre around the Murrumbidgee and Box Creek and travel in movement lines northwestward to Mungo.

“the Mutthi Mutthi centre around the Murrumbidgee and Box Creek and travel in movement lines northwestward to Mungo”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones within proximity to this water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake; the Paakantji centre around the Darling and come eastward to Mungo; the Mutthi Mutthi centre around the Murrumbidgee and Box Creek and travel in movement lines northwestward to Mungo (Allbrook & McGrath 2015; NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006; Tind”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “the Mutthi Mutthi centre around the Murrumbidgee and Box Creek and travel in movement lines northwestward to Mungo”

• cites Allbrook & McGrath 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tindale 1974a, 1974bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tindale 1974aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones within proximity to this water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake.

“The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones within proximity to this water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones within proximity to this water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake; the Paakantji centre around the Darling and come eastward to Mungo; the Mutthi Mutthi centre around the Murrumbidgee and Box Creek and travel in movement lines northwestward to Mungo (Allbrook & McGrath 2015; NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006; Tind”

• cites Allbrook & McGrath 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tindale 1974a, 1974bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Paakantji centre around the Darling and come eastward to Mungo.

“the Paakantji centre around the Darling and come eastward to Mungo”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones within proximity to this water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake; the Paakantji centre around the Darling and come eastward to Mungo; the Mutthi Mutthi centre around the Murrumbidgee and Box Creek and travel in movement lines northwestward to Mungo (Allbrook & McGrath 2015; NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006; Tind”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “the Paakantji centre around the Darling and come eastward to Mungo”

• cites Allbrook & McGrath 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tindale 1974a, 1974bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tindale 1974aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Structural salience is as important as visual salience in assessing the predictive GIS models of key zones within the cultural landscape.

“Structural salience is as important as visual salience in assessing the predictive GIS models of key zones within the cultural landscape (Caduff & Timpf 2008; Götze & Boye 2016; Röser et al. 2012).”

• cites Caduff & Timpf 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Götze & Boye 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Röser et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Failure to attribute differential weights of importance to the nodes in the absolute measurement techniques also distorts the outcomes.

“Failure to attribute differential weights of importance to the nodes in the absolute measurement techniques also distorts the outcomes.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The nature of the land cover, including potential water sources, is critical and can be either a barrier or a conduit for land use and occupancy.

“The nature of the land cover, including potential water sources, is critical and can be either a barrier or a conduit for land use and occupancy.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “The nature of the land cover, including potential water sources, is critical and can be either a barrier or a conduit for land use and occupancy.”

• cites Somerville & Bates 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

The exploratory GIS models in the ensuing sections provide multiple iterations of potential environmental connectivity across Country and highlight the areas of greatest impact by the pastoral frontier on the internal structures of a living biocultural Country.

“The exploratory GIS models in the ensuing sections provide multiple iterations of potential environmental connectivity across Country and highlight the areas of greatest impact by the pastoral frontier on the internal structures of a living biocultural Country.”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “The exploratory GIS models in the ensuing sections provide multiple iterations of potential environmental connectivity across Country and highlight the areas of greatest impact by the pastoral frontier on the internal structures of a living biocultural Country.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many of the early expeditions were focussed on the rivers because water was a key route for travel for explorers, especially those hoping to find an inland sea.

“Many of the early expeditions were focussed on the rivers because water was a key route for travel for explorers, especially those hoping to find an inland sea (Deloria 2017; Judd 2019; Watts 2020).”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “Many of the early expeditions were focussed on the rivers because water was a key route for travel for explorers, especially those hoping to find an inland sea (Deloria 2017; Judd 2019; Watts 2020).”

• cites Deloria 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Judd 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Watts 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

With GIS connectivity models, efforts to measure human impacts on the environment have resulted in modelling indices such as HFI and SHFI.

“With GIS connectivity models, efforts to measure the human impacts upon the environment have resulted in modelling indices such as the HFI (Human Footprint Index) that use a composite of variables to assess the levels of human disturbance on a particular ecosystem and SHFI (Spatial Human Footprint Index) (Sanderson 2013; Correa Ayram et al. 2017).”

• cites Sanderson 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Correa Ayram et al. 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Functional connectivity models the endohulls of space.

“Functional connectivity models the endohulls of space (i.e. connections, Voronoi tessellations)(Goodman, Pollack, & Aronov 2003; Radke 2015; Toussaint 2015; Wang et al. 2022).”

• cites Goodman, Pollack, & Aronov 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Radke 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Toussaint 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Many areas within the WLRWHA are very dependent on seasonal rainfall and the ground water, which flows predominately in lines westward within the Ivanhoe block and deeply affected by the pulses coming from the snow melts in the Lachlan.

“Therefore, many areas within the WLRWHA are very dependent on seasonal rainfall and the ground water, which flows predominately in lines westward within the Ivanhoe block and deeply affected by the pulses coming from the snow melts in the Lachlan (Kemp 2010; Odins et al. 1991).”

• cites Kemp 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Odins et al. 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The surveyor MacCabe conducted a series of expeditions in 1848-1853 along the Lachlan to the Darling, and these journeys are a rich primary source filled with observations about the vegetation and inhabitants of the area.

“Lastly, the surveyor MacCabe conducted a series of expeditions in 1848–1853 along the Lachlan to the Darling. These journeys are a rich primary source filled with observations about the vegetation and inhabitants of the area (MacCabe Francis P Surveyors’ Letters 1822–1855, 2/1554.1(Reel 3075), 2/1554.1A (Reel 3076), 6 Dec 1841–Dec 1848).”

• cites MacCabe Francis P Surveyors’ Letters 1822–1855, 2/1554.1(Reel 3075), 2/1554.1A (Reel 3076), 6 Dec 1841–Dec 1848Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Setting different thresholding values for both land use and occupancy zones and potential movement pathways is a benefit of exploratory GIS design.

“Setting different thresholding values for both land use and occupancy zones and potential movement pathways is a benefit of exploratory GIS design.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The area is geologically rich and filled with varied landforms, semi-arid vegetation communities, and high levels of endemism, which have been mapped and recorded at different times and scales.

“The area is geologically rich and filled with varied landforms, semi-arid vegetation communities, and high levels of endemism, which have been mapped and recorded at different times and scales (Bowler & Magee 1978; Genty et al. 2003; Haslem et al. 2010; Hesse 2011; Westbrooke & Miller 1995).”

• cites Bowler & Magee 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Genty et al. 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Haslem et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

It is even more crucial to bring exploratory GIS into connectivity modelling because normative pathways are not the only pathways.

“Thus, it is even more crucial to bring exploratory GIS into connectivity modelling because normative pathways are not the only pathways (Leming et al. 2019; Vogt et al. 2009; Wainwright et al. 2011).”

• cites Leming et al. 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vogt et al. 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wainwright et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The concept of the averaging and systemisation of human movements and the corollary suggestion that these human movements can be mapped into a functional space implies a level order to cultural space that is not substantiated by any investigation into randomness of human agency.

“Finally, the concept of the averaging and systemisation of human movements and the corollary suggestion that these human movements can be mapped into a functional space implies a level order to cultural space that is not substantiated by any investigation into randomness of human agency.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The introduction of fences caused significant impact to the area because of the clearing of the significant hardwoods and the division of the land, breaking apart traditional routes.

“The introduction of fences caused significant impact to the area because of the clearing of the significant hardwoods and the division of the land, breaking apart traditional routes (Instone 1999; Pickard 1997).”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “The introduction of fences caused significant impact to the area because of the clearing of the significant hardwoods and the division of the land, breaking apart traditional routes (Instone 1999; Pickard 1997).”

• cites Instone 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pickard 1997Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The WLRWHA spans the sub-bioregions of South Olary Plains/Murray Basin Sands and it is proximal to the Murray Scroll Belt.

“From an ecological perspective, the WLRWHA spans the sub-bioregions of South Olary Plains/Murray Basin Sands and it is proximal to the Murray Scroll Belt (IBRA7 (Cummings & Hardy 2000)).”

• cites Cummings & Hardy 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The IIC index of connectivity models the significance of a habitat patch by assigning a numerical value of node importance, deriving from the composite influence of the graph.

“The IIC index of connectivity models the significance of a habitat patch by assigning a numerical value of node importance, deriving from the composite influence of the graph.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Landscape level pathways between areas defined as suitable for land use and occupancy within the WLRWHA, NSW are structurally salient connections, criss-crossing Country.

“Landscape level pathways between areas defined as suitable for land use and occupancy within the Willandra Lakes Region World Heritage Area (WLRWHA), NSW are structurally salient connections, criss-crossing Country.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Patches that have a higher delta value (dI) are classed as more significant nodes for maintaining landscape connectivity.

“Patches that have a higher delta value (dI) are classed as more significant nodes for maintaining landscape connectivity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Exploratory GIS goes further than circuit theory approaches to GIS analysis because the conceptual framework of multiplicity is at the base of the model.

“Exploratory GIS goes further than circuit theory approaches to GIS analysis because the conceptual framework of multiplicity is at the base of the model.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

A landscape that is functionally connected is one through which humans can move between habitat patches because the entire network supports land use and occupancy.

“A landscape that is functionally connected is one through which humans can move between habitat patches because the entire network supports land use and occupancy (Poniatowski et al. 2016).”

• Also stated in: § Methods · plain

  “A landscape that is functionally connected is one through which humans can move between habitat patches because the entire network supports land use and occupancy (Poniatowski et al. 2016).”

• cites Poniatowski et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Categorisation of the base data set, applying thresholds, averaging, and systemisations of human pathways have many compounded errors when network modelling is employed in a single output fashion.

“Categorisation of the base data set, applying thresholds, averaging, and systemisations of human pathways have many compounded errors when network modelling is employed in a single output fashion.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

From Mitchell's expedition, there are also countless observations, including the transfer of knowledge from the Traditional Owners to the explorers regarding ground water, forbes, and food.

“From Mitchell’s expedition, there are also countless observations, including the transfer of knowledge from the Traditional Owners to the explorers regarding ground water, forbes, and food (Mitchell 1848, reprinted 2014).”

• cites Mitchell 1848, reprinted 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Impacts from European settlement on the pre-contact Indigenous community pathways of land use and occupancy are manifold.

“Impacts from European settlement on the pre-contact Indigenous community pathways of land use and occupancy are manifold. These impacts include, but are not limited to, depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment (Allen & Holdaway 2009; Bowler & Magee 1973; Clark 1987; Dare-Edwards 1979; IPCC 2020; Pickard 1991;”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Impacts from European settlement on the pre-contact Indigenous community pathways of land use and occupancy are manifold.”

• cites Allen & Holdaway 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bowler & Magee 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Clark 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

There are many issues with the way that the water layers are classified and developed for these models - the main issue is that structural or visual salience assessments are only part of the model.

“There are many issues however with the way that the water layers are classified and developed for these models – the main issue is that structural or visual salience assessments are only part of the model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Hawdon's journal has several observations about the local inhabitants and the vegetation, including descriptions of what food was being gathered and hunted, and he makes reference to wild yams, emus, and fish being a staple near the Murray-Darling junction.

“Hawdon’s journal has several observations about the local inhabitants and the vegetation, including descriptions of what food was being gathered and hunted. He makes reference to wild yams, emus, and fish being a staple near the Murray-Darling junction (Hawdon 1838, reprinted 1952, p. 41).”

• cites Hawdon 1838, reprinted 1952, p. 41Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Exploratory GIS challenges the single output GIS mapping for the past record of land use and occupancy.

“Exploratory GIS challenges the single output GIS mapping for the past record of land use and occupancy.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

PGIS provides the more meaningful model of the cognitive functional connections and past land use and occupancy.

“PGIS provides the more meaningful model of the cognitive functional connections and past land use and occupancy.”

• Also stated in: § Methods · plain

  “PGIS provides the more meaningful model of the cognitive functional connections and past land use and occupancy.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “PGIS provides the more meaningful model of the cognitive functional connections and past land use and occupancy.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The WLRWHA acts as the central point within the cultural frame.

“The WLRWHA acts as the central point within the cultural frame (Graham & Healey 1999).”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “The WLRWHA acts as the central point within the cultural frame (Graham & Healey 1999).”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “The WLRWHA acts as the central point within the cultural frame”

• cites Graham & Healey 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

These models serve as a check on the previous modelling and as an indication of where the most vulnerable areas within the regions surrounding Willandra Lakes are from a structural salience perspective.

“To reiterate, however, these models serve as a check on the previous modelling and as an indication of where the most vulnerable areas within the regions surrounding Willandra Lakes are from a structural salience perspective.”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “To reiterate, however, these models serve as a check on the previous modelling and as an indication of where the most vulnerable areas within the regions surrounding Willandra Lakes are from a structural salience perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Areas that are classified as highly suitable for locating water resources with relative ease are areas that are less structurally salient than the rarer ground water soaks in otherwise dry landforms.

“Areas that are classified as highly suitable for locating water resources with relative ease are areas that are less structurally salient than the rarer ground water soaks in otherwise dry landforms.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

European settlement impacts include depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment.

“These impacts include, but are not limited to, depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment (Allen & Holdaway 2009; Bowler & Magee 1973; Clark 1987; Dare-Edwards 1979; IPCC 2020; Pickard 1991; Verstraete & Schwartz 1991).”

• cites Allen & Holdaway 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bowler & Magee 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Clark 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

These snippets of information add to background of the GIS model because they provide primary source observations for the contact period, and they illustrate the crossover of information from the Traditional Owners to the early explorers and drovers.

“These snippets of information add to background of the GIS model because they provide primary source observations for the contact period, and they illustrate the crossover of information from the Traditional Owners to the early explorers and drovers.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Circuit theory's advantages are less pronounced in areas where the landscape is a known area and works best where a landscape is unknown to a species.

“However, as Dickson et al. note, circuit theory’s advantages are less pronounced in areas where the landscape is a known area and works best where a landscape is unknown to a species (Dickson et al. 2018, p. 6).”

• Also stated in: § Methods · plain

  “However, as Dickson et al. note, circuit theory’s advantages are less pronounced in areas where the landscape is a known area and works best where a landscape is unknown to a species (Dickson et al. 2018, p. 6).”

• cites Dickson et al. 2018, p. 6Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Hydrologically, the area is an endorheic basin which means water drains inward instead of outward.

“Hydrologically, the area is an endorheic basin which means water drains inward instead of outward (De Deckker 2019, 1983).”

• cites De Deckker 2019, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

The loss or interruption of the functional network at these nodes of higher delta values is more detrimental to the entire functionally connected landscape.

“This means that the loss or interruption of the functional network at these nodes of higher delta values is more detrimental to the entire functionally connected landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The models in this section are functional connectivity models of the range of structurally salient environmental links within the current presentations of hydrology and ecotonal areas within the WLRWHA.

“The models in this section are functional connectivity models of the range of structurally salient environmental links within the current presentations of hydrology and ecotonal areas within the WLRWHA.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Irrelevant outliers to the network, if included within the graph structure, may distort the network.

“Irrelevant outliers to the network, if included within the graph structure, may distort the network.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The relative significance of habitat patches within the total matrix of landscape connectivity is modelled through network graphs and habitat availability indices (e.g. IIC and NL).

“The relative significance of habitat patches within the total matrix of landscape connectivity is modelled through network graphs and habitat availability indices (e.g. Integral Index of Connectivity (IIC) and Number of Links (NL)) (Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006; Saura & Rubio 2010).”

• cites Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saura & Rubio 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Continuing attachment to Country by the Traditional Owners is the reason that the WLRWHA is the centre of the exploratory GIS modelling.

“Continuing attachment to Country by the Traditional Owners is the reason that the WLRWHA is the centre of the exploratory GIS modelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These models highlight the implicit internal structure of the relationship between areas that are ecologically similar.

“In addition, these models highlight the implicit internal structure of the relationship between areas that are ecologically similar.”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “In addition, these models highlight the implicit internal structure of the relationship between areas that are ecologically similar.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The way space is measured is the most important factor in defining a network within an exploratory GIS connectivity model.

“The way space is measured is the most important factor in defining a network within an exploratory GIS connectivity model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Changes in the environmental record result in differential preservation of the material archaeological record and the networked cultural signatures.

“This leads to changes in the environmental record which results in differential preservation of the material archaeological record and the networked cultural signatures.”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “This leads to changes in the environmental record which results in differential preservation of the material archaeological record and the networked cultural signatures.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Cognitive salience provides the holistic exploratory model.

“Cognitive salience provides the holistic exploratory model.”

• Also stated in: § Methods · plain

  “Cognitive salience provides the holistic exploratory model.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Cognitive salience provides the holistic exploratory model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The early explorers' travels left their mark in the form of slaughter by microbes, child removals, and massacres - a genocide.

“However, their travels left their mark in the form of slaughter by microbes, child removals, and massacres – a genocide (Burke et al. 2016; Joyce et al. 2011; Tatz 2016; Wolfe 2006).”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “However, their travels left their mark in the form of slaughter by microbes, child removals, and massacres – a genocide (Burke et al. 2016; Joyce et al. 2011; Tatz 2016; Wolfe 2006).”

• cites Burke et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites Joyce et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tatz 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Pastoral impacts to vegetation around tanks have been described by Graz et al. as the cause for microbiomes or piospheres due to extensive changes to vegetation around waterpoints and fences at Nanya station, NSW.

“Furthermore, the pastoral impacts to the vegetation around tanks have been described by Graz et al. as the cause for microbiomes or piospheres due to the extensive nature of the changes to the vegetation around waterpoints and fences at Nanya station, NSW (Graz, Westbrooke, & Florentine 2012, p. 187).”

• cites Graz, Westbrooke, & Florentine 2012, p. 187 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Exploratory design allows for multiple presentations of the data and helps plan fieldwork and visualise potential suitable contexts.

“Exploratory design allows for multiple presentations of the data and helps plan fieldwork and visualise potential suitable contexts.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “Exploratory design allows for multiple presentations of the data and helps plan fieldwork and visualise potential suitable contexts.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Exploratory design allows for multiple presentations of the data and helps plan fieldwork and visualise potential suitable contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Models that ignore these pathways and focus on hydro-suitability, ecological values, or mapping areas of the archaeological record are dismissing the cornerstone of structural salience for network route modelling.

“Models that ignore these pathways and focus on hydro-suitability, ecological values, or mapping areas of the archaeological record, are dismissing the cornerstone of structural salience for network route modelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The tracks and routes of the early settlers show potential attractors for the functional connectivity modelling of the Aboriginal communities due to the appropriation of these pathways.

“The tracks and routes of the early settlers show potential attractors for the functional connectivity modelling of the Aboriginal communities due to the appropriation of these pathways.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged

  “The tracks and routes of the early settlers show potential attractors for the functional connectivity modelling of the Aboriginal communities due to the appropriation of these pathways.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Impacts from European settlement on the pre-contact Indigenous community pathways of land use and occupancy include depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment.

“These impacts include, but are not limited to, depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment (Allen & Holdaway 2009; Bowler & Magee 1973; Clark 1987; Dare-Edwards 1979; IPCC 2020; Pickard 1991; Verstraete & Schwartz 1991).”

• cites Allen & Holdaway 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bowler & Magee 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Clark 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Issues connected to the aggressive organisation of rural space or the impacts connected to live, wooden, or steel fence alterations are nearly impossible to assess comprehensively within a GIS model of this scale.

“In addition, there are the issues connected to the aggressive organisation of rural space or the impacts connected to live, wooden, or steel fence alterations (Philo 1992, p. 197; Prout & Howitt 2009, p. 397), but these are nearly impossible to assess comprehensively within a GIS model of this scale.”

• cites Philo 1992, p. 197 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Prout & Howitt 2009, p. 397 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Many areas within the WLRWHA are very dependent on seasonal rainfall and the ground water, which flows predominately in lines westward within the Ivanhoe block and is deeply affected by the pulses coming from the snow melts in the Lachlan.

“Therefore, many areas within the WLRWHA are very dependent on seasonal rainfall and the ground water, which flows predominately in lines westward within the Ivanhoe block and deeply affected by the pulses coming from the snow melts in the Lachlan (Kemp 2010; Odins et al. 1991).”

• cites Kemp 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Odins et al. 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The GIS models are not useful without the pastoral impacts.

“However, the GIS models are not useful without the pastoral impacts.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “However, the GIS models are not useful without the pastoral impacts.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “However, the GIS models are not useful without the pastoral impacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

It is only through Participatory GIS (pGIS) that the cognitive salience of this internal network is properly comprehended, especially with respect to Box Creek.

“It is only through Participatory GIS (pGIS) that the cognitive salience of this internal network is properly comprehended, especially with respect to Box Creek (Thomas 2019).”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted

  “It is only through Participatory GIS (pGIS) that the cognitive salience of this internal network is properly comprehended, especially with respect to Box Creek (Thomas 2019).”

• cites Thomas 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

This type of modelling includes only visual or structural salience of features and ignores the cognitive salience of a land use or occupancy zone.

“Also, this type of modelling includes only visual or structural salience of features and ignores the cognitive salience of a land use or occupancy zone.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “Also, this type of modelling includes only visual or structural salience of features and ignores the cognitive salience of a land use or occupancy zone.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Also, this type of modelling includes only visual or structural salience of features and ignores the cognitive salience of a land use or occupancy zone.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The indicators or indices can be utilised to show the 'connectivity' of the area and the importance of each patch within the whole landscape graph.

“The indicators or indices can be utilised to show the ‘connectivity’ of the area and the importance of each patch within the whole landscape graph (Edelsbrunner, Kirkpatrick, & Seidel 1983; Radke 2015).”

• cites Edelsbrunner, Kirkpatrick, & Seidel 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Radke 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Fences require a buffer around them because they create a microbiome, and they apportion the land in a way that puts artificial barrier into space previously constrained by the underlying geometry of rivers, hills, and valleys.

“Fences, however, require not only a buffer around them because they create a microbiome, but they also apportion the land in a way that puts artificial barrier into space that was previously constrained by the underlying geometry of the rivers, hills, and valleys.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Functional connectivity science within an intuitive framework of exploratory GIS provides the structural salience for a connected landscape; this provides the basis for modelled hypothetical versions of past land use and occupancy.

“Functional connectivity science within an intuitive framework of exploratory GIS provides the structural salience for a connected landscape; this provides the basis for modelled hypothetical versions of past land use and occupancy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The geometry of NNE troughs (Willandra trough, Iona Ridge, Balranald Trough) constrains the flow of ground water into a parallel flow alongside the Willandra trough and restricts the flow westward.

“For the ground water, this means that the conclusions from their studies show that the geometry of NNE troughs (Willandra trough, Iona Ridge, Balranald Trough) constrain the flow of ground water into a parallel flow alongside the Willandra trough and restrict the flow westward (See Figure 6) (Odins et al. 1991).”

• cites Odins et al. 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Apart from widespread impacts of grazing and tree felling, the other two main disruptors and barriers are the construction of tanks and the creation of fences.

“Apart from the widespread impacts of grazing and tree felling, the other two main disruptors and barriers are the construction of tanks and the creation of fences.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

This step-by-step approach to the exploratory GIS model has demonstrated the need to incorporate more exploration and experimentation into modelling the past connections across the biocultural landscape.

“This step-by-step approach to the exploratory GIS model has demonstrated the need to incorporate more exploration and experimentation into modelling the past connections across the biocultural landscape.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted

  “This step-by-step approach to the exploratory GIS model has demonstrated the need to incorporate more exploration and experimentation into modelling the past connections across the biocultural landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

It is this cultural frame that provides an additional internal skeleton between places and it is this internal skeleton of connectivity that was disrupted by the fences and tanks of the pastoral settlement.

“It is this cultural frame that provides an additional internal skeleton between places and it is this internal skeleton of connectivity that was disrupted by the fences and tanks of the pastoral settlement.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “It is this cultural frame that provides an additional internal skeleton between places and it is this internal skeleton of connectivity that was disrupted by the fences and tanks of the pastoral settlement.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mapping areas where tanks are present as a pastoral impact illustrates issues of GIS modelling of the environment or archaeological record in a period where the historical record can contribute to the model.

“Mapping the areas where tanks are present as a pastoral impact illustrates the issues of the GIS modelling of the environment or archaeological record in a period where the historical record can contribute to the model.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

TSRs are places where Indigenous and settler cultural landscapes intertwine and tend to follow water courses and/or pathways of Indigenous communities.

“Summarised by Lennon in the ‘Long Paddock’, the TSRs are places where Indigenous and settler cultural landscapes intertwine and tend to follow water courses and/or pathways of Indigenous communities (Lennon 2014, p. 58).”

• cites Lennon 2014, p. 58Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Additional mapping of the liminal spaces of human-environment interaction through pathways, TSRs, and exploration routes also adds the necessary cognitive salience element to the exploratory GIS.

“Additional mapping of the liminal spaces of human-environment interaction through pathways, TSRs, and exploration routes also adds the necessary cognitive salience element to the exploratory GIS.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “Additional mapping of the liminal spaces of human-environment interaction through pathways, TSRs, and exploration routes also adds the necessary cognitive salience element to the exploratory GIS.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Retrofitting an environmentally determined GIS model, without an exploratory design, into a discussion of the biocultural landscape of the Willandra Lakes or anywhere else brings to the fore manifold issues.

“This also brings to the fore the manifold issues of retrofitting an environmentally determined GIS model, without an exploratory design, into a discussion of the biocultural landscape of the Willandra Lakes or anywhere else.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Conflict between the settlers and the Traditional Owners over water is higher for the tanks, wells and bores in areas highlighted as structurally salient by the GIS model in ecotonal areas.

“By extension, the tanks, wells and bores in the areas highlighted as structurally salient by the GIS model in ecotonal areas, should be the most critical resources and the resources for which conflict between the settlers and the Traditional Owners over the water is higher.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The relative significance of habitat patches within the total matrix of landscape connectivity is modelled through network graphs and habitat availability indices.

“The relative significance of habitat patches within the total matrix of landscape connectivity is modelled through network graphs and habitat availability indices (e.g. Integral Index of Connectivity (IIC) and Number of Links (NL)) (Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006; Saura & Rubio 2010).”

• cites Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saura & Rubio 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

TSR pathways are defined by the record of human-environment interaction instead of by computational analysis.

“These pathways are defined by the record of human-environment interaction instead of by computational analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The principles from the circuit theory approach of modelling disruptors into structural salience or functional connectivity are applicable.

“However, the principles from this circuit theory approach of modelling disruptors into the model of structural salience or functional connectivity are applicable.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

These flaws are connected to the misidentification of structural, visual, and cognitive salience of both the internal networks and the classification of key areas of the biocultural landscape.

“These flaws are connected to the misidentification of structural, visual, and cognitive salience of both the internal networks and the classification of key areas of the biocultural landscape.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “These flaws are connected to the misidentification of structural, visual, and cognitive salience of both the internal networks and the classification of key areas of the biocultural landscape.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “These flaws are connected to the misidentification of structural, visual, and cognitive salience of both the internal networks and the classification of key areas of the biocultural landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The pastoral impacts of TSRs onto the initial internal connections and pathways of the pre-European landscape need to also be considered in the exploratory GIS model.

“The pastoral impacts of TSRs onto the initial internal connections and pathways of the pre-European landscape need to also be considered in the exploratory GIS model.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “The pastoral impacts of TSRs onto the initial internal connections and pathways of the pre-European landscape need to also be considered in the exploratory GIS model.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There was an underlying functional network of land use and occupancy zones in the pre-European Willandra Lakes landscape.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Including the TSR layer into the design provides the structure to the modelling that is missing in network modelling based on just environmental or hydrological variables.

“Including this layer into the design provides the structure to the modelling that is missing in network modelling based on just environmental or hydrological variables.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The WLRWHA spans the sub-bioregions of South Olary Plains/Murray Basin Sands and is proximal to the Murray Scroll Belt.

“From an ecological perspective, the WLRWHA spans the sub-bioregions of South Olary Plains/Murray Basin Sands and it is proximal to the Murray Scroll Belt (IBRA7 (Cummings & Hardy 2000)).”

• cites Cummings & Hardy 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Circuit theory modelling starts to address the concerns of multiple random path options reducing the importance of singular routes and pinch points as barriers.

“Circuit theory modelling starts to address the concerns of multiple random path options reducing the importance of singular routes and pinch points (like mountains) as barriers (Dickson et al. 2018).”

• cites Dickson et al. 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The tanks, wells and bores in areas highlighted as structurally salient by the GIS model in ecotonal areas should be the most critical resources.

“By extension, the tanks, wells and bores in the areas highlighted as structurally salient by the GIS model in ecotonal areas, should be the most critical resources and the resources for which conflict between the settlers and the Traditional Owners over the water is higher.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The lack of trends in available modern bore data with ground water depth is due to inconsistencies in the data set.

“The available modern bore data show no trends with ground water depth, but this is due to inconsistencies in the data set (Figure 9).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Although explorations to develop wells and tanks were key to pastoral settlement, the depth of the water and the salinity was particularly constricting in the areas to the west of the Willandra Lakes.

“Thus, although explorations to develop wells and tanks were key to the pastoral settlement, the depth of the water and the salinity was particularly constricting in the areas to the west of the Willandra Lakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

A more appropriate way to model the connectivity (structural salience) and land suitability (visual salience) for building a picture of the land use and occupancy of Country is to utilise the network provided by the TSRs as a base for a further exploratory GIS model.

“A more appropriate way to model the connectivity (structural salience) and land suitability (visual salience) for building a picture of the land use and occupancy of Country is to utilise the network provided by the TSRs as a base for a further exploratory GIS model.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “A more appropriate way to model the connectivity (structural salience) and land suitability (visual salience) for building a picture of the land use and occupancy of Country is to utilise the network provided by the TSRs as a base for a further exploratory GIS model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

TSR places are liminal spaces that point the GIS model to the internal network of past land use and occupancy prior to pastoral settlement.

“In this format, these places are the liminal spaces that point the GIS model to the internal network of past land use and occupancy prior to pastoral settlement.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The WLRWHA area is geologically rich and filled with varied landforms, semi-arid vegetation communities, and high levels of endemism, which have been mapped and recorded at different times and scales.

“The area is geologically rich and filled with varied landforms, semi-arid vegetation communities, and high levels of endemism, which have been mapped and recorded at different times and scales (Bowler & Magee 1978; Genty et al. 2003; Haslem et al. 2010; Hesse 2011; Westbrooke & Miller 1995).”

• cites Bowler & Magee 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Genty et al. 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Haslem et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

There are three main types of salience assessments that are significant within GIS modelling: visual, structural, and cognitive salience.

“There are three main types of salience assessments that are significant within GIS modelling. These are visual, structural, and cognitive salience (Caduff & Timpf 2008; Nuhn & Timpf 2016; Sorrows & Hirtle 1999).”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “There are three main types of salience assessments that are significant within GIS modelling. These are visual, structural, and cognitive salience”

• cites Caduff & Timpf 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nuhn & Timpf 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sorrows & Hirtle 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

These map features provide points of reference for where edge effects should be the most prominent, conflict over resources, break points in the initial networks.

“These map features provide points of reference for where edge effects should be the most prominent, conflict over resources, break points in the initial networks.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “These map features provide points of reference for where edge effects should be the most prominent, conflict over resources, break points in the initial networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Recent work by Field et al. (2022) depicts how to better develop more nuanced models of time versus energy as a prime movers for pathway selection.

“Recent work by Field et al. (2022) depicts how to better develop more nuanced models of time versus energy as a prime movers for pathway selection.”

• cites Field et al. 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The exploratory functional connectivity GIS models in this article are not representative of the totality of the biocultural record of the Traditional Owners of the Willandra Lakes.

“The exploratory functional connectivity GIS models in this article are not representative of the totality of the biocultural record of the Traditional Owners of the Willandra Lakes.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “The exploratory functional connectivity GIS models in this article are not representative of the totality of the biocultural record of the Traditional Owners of the Willandra Lakes.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “The exploratory functional connectivity GIS models in this article are not representative of the totality of the biocultural record of the Traditional Owners of the Willandra Lakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

European settlement in some areas created artificial voids in a GIS model.

“Furthermore, European settlement in some areas created artificial voids in a GIS model.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “Furthermore, European settlement in some areas created artificial voids in a GIS model.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Furthermore, European settlement in some areas created artificial voids in a GIS model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

These models are conceptual models to help understand the underlying environmentally salient networks of a living Country within the Willandra Lakes.

“Instead, these models are conceptual models to help understand the underlying environmentally salient networks of a living Country within the Willandra Lakes.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “Instead, these models are conceptual models to help understand the underlying environmentally salient networks of a living Country within the Willandra Lakes.”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “Instead, these models are conceptual models to help understand the underlying environmentally salient networks of a living Country within the Willandra Lakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

TSRs and early roads are the endo-hulls of space that the modelling with Conefor Sensinode (or other circuit theory approaches) is trying to build through identifying patch salience.

“To a certain extent, the TSRs and early roads are the endo-hulls of space that the modelling with Conefor Sensinode (or other circuit theory approaches) is trying to build through identifying patch salience.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Within archaeological GIS applications, the attempt to map and model internal connections or internal shape descriptors has taken the form of core-periphery modelling, least-cost path modelling, raw material provenancing, and transhumance route modelling.

“Within archaeological GIS applications, the attempt to map and model internal connections or internal shape descriptors has taken the form of core-periphery modelling, least-cost path modelling, raw material provenancing, and transhumance route modelling (Bintliff 1996; Duke & Steele 2010; Field, Glowacki, & Gettler 2022; Moreno-Meynard et al. 2022; Savary, Foltête, & Garnier 2022; Taliaferro, Sch”

• cites Bintliff 1996 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites Duke & Steele 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Field, Glowacki, & Gettler 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The location of availability of ground water through wells, tanks and bores in areas that the GIS model has flagged as low suitability for water are important ways to help refine the search for hydrologically structurally salient areas and are part of the development of a meaningful GIS model.

“The location of the availability of ground water through wells, tanks and bores in areas that the GIS model has flagged as areas of low suitability for water are important ways to help refine the search for hydrologically structurally salient areas and are therefore part of the development of a meaningful GIS model.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The current landscape's hydrological and ecotonal structural salience reflects the past functional connectivity of land use and occupancy zones.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The WLRWHA area is an endorheic basin, which means water drains inward instead of outward.

“Hydrologically, the area is an endorheic basin which means water drains inward instead of outward (De Deckker 2019, 1983).”

• cites De Deckker 2019, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Tanks require a buffer area around them as they result in piospheres and alter the direction of not only animal but also human traffic around a network.

“Tanks require a buffer area around them as they result in these piospheres and alter the direction of not only animal but also human traffic around a network.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “Tanks require a buffer area around them as they result in these piospheres and alter the direction of not only animal but also human traffic around a network.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

TSR pathways are attractors or indicators of where the pGIS models of cognitive salience might overlap.

“Furthermore, these pathways are attractors or indicators of where the pGIS models of cognitive salience might overlap.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The NL index of connectivity provides a comparative benchmark for the recommended IIC index because Pascual-Hortal and Saura's investigations determine that it has the advantage of remaining the most stable index when facing changes.

“The NL index of connectivity provides a comparative benchmark for the recommended IIC index, as Pascual-Hortal and Saura’s investigations determine that it has the advantage of remaining the most stable index when facing changes (Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006, p. 963).”

• cites Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006, p. 963 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Recent work by Gustas and Supernant depicts how to better situate these scientific modelling techniques within an intuitive framework.

“Recent work by Gustas and Supernant depicts how to better situate these scientific modelling techniques within an intuitive framework (Gustas & Supernant 2017).”

• cites Gustas & Supernant 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Tanks and fences both cause the development of microbiomes and are places where ground-truthing of a large-scale model would reveal quite different outputs with respect to vegetation structure and ultimately visual or structural salience of land use zones.

“Tanks and fences both cause the development of microbiomes and are places where ground-truthing of a large-scale model would reveal quite different outputs with respect to vegetation structure and ultimately the visual or structural salience of land use zones.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

GIS models without pastoral impacts are 'blind to history'.

“GIS models without pastoral impacts are ‘blind to history’ (Rowlands 2005, p. 28).”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “GIS models without pastoral impacts are ‘blind to history’ (Rowlands 2005, p. 28).”

• Also stated in: § References · plain

  “GIS models without pastoral impacts are ‘blind to history’”

• cites Rowlands 2005, p. 28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These applications can also be explained within the terminology of Set Theory, Venn diagrams, or Boolean logic.

“These applications can also be explained within the terminology of Set Theory, Venn diagrams, or Boolean logic (Böther, Kißig, & Weyand 2022; Hunsaker et al. 2001; Moilanen & Nieminen 2002; O’Quinn & Mao 2020; Pop 2020).”

• cites Böther, Kißig, & Weyand 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hunsaker et al. 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moilanen & Nieminen 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Their program, Conefor Sensinode, was developed to establish the relative significance of habitat zones or patches for the entire functionally connected landscape.

“Their program, Conefor Sensinode, was developed to establish the relative significance of habitat zones or patches for the entire functionally connected landscape.”

• cites Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Pascual-Hortal and Saura (2006) recommend employing the Integral Index of Connectivity (IIC) to establish a baseline for connectivity.

“Pascual-Hortal and Saura (Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006, p. 962) recommend employing the Integral Index of Connectivity (IIC) to establish a baseline for connectivity.”

• cites Pascual-Hortal & Saura 2006, p. 962 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Exploratory GIS models of the functional connections between land use and occupancy patches, with a centroid defined by cultural framing, capture depth of attachment to the WLRWHA of the Traditional Owners.

“Exploratory GIS models of the functional connections between land use and occupancy patches, with a centroid defined by cultural framing, takes depth of attachment to the WLRWHA of the Traditional Owners”

• cites Lewicka 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Walton & Bailey 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The principles from this circuit theory approach of modelling disruptors into the model of structural salience or functional connectivity are applicable.

“However, the principles from this circuit theory approach of modelling disruptors into the model of structural salience or functional connectivity are applicable.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

There are many issues with the way that the water layers are classified and developed for these models; the main issue is that structural or visual salience assessments are only part of the model.

“There are many issues however with the way that the water layers are classified and developed for these models – the main issue is that structural or visual salience assessments are only part of the model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

This brings to the fore the manifold issues of retrofitting an environmentally determined GIS model, without an exploratory design, into a discussion of the biocultural landscape of the Willandra Lakes or anywhere else.

“This also brings to the fore the manifold issues of retrofitting an environmentally determined GIS model, without an exploratory design, into a discussion of the biocultural landscape of the Willandra Lakes or anywhere else.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

From a narrow, binary GIS perspective, the modelling indicates that if water was found (e.g. a ground water soak or ephemeral wetland) in areas of high structural salience, that water feature would be a key node in the pathway.

“From a narrow and binary GIS perspective, the modelling indicates that if water was found (i.e. ground water soak, ephemeral wetland) in these areas of high structural salience, then that water feature would be a key node in the pathway.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Mungo National Park - specifically its dry lake beds, bordering dunes and lunettes - has been and continues to be a central place for the Traditional Owners: Mutthi Mutthi, Paakantji and Ngyiampaa.

“Mungo National Park, specifically the dry lake beds, bordering dunes, and lunettes, has been and continues to be a central place for the Traditional Owners: Mutthi Mutthi, Paakantji and Ngyiampaa”

• cites Goggin et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Howard-Grenville, Hoffman, & Wirtenberg 2003, pp. 71–72Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The pastoral impacts to the vegetation around tanks have been described by Graz et al. as the cause for microbiomes or piospheres due to the extensive nature of the changes to the vegetation around waterpoints and fences at Nanya station, NSW.

“Furthermore, the pastoral impacts to the vegetation around tanks have been described by Graz et al. as the cause for microbiomes or piospheres due to the extensive nature of the changes to the vegetation around waterpoints and fences at Nanya station, NSW (Graz, Westbrooke, & Florentine 2012, p. 187).”

• cites Graz, Westbrooke, & Florentine 2012, p. 187 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Additional mapping of the liminal spaces of human-environment interaction through pathways, TSRs, and exploration routes adds the necessary cognitive salience element to the exploratory GIS.

“Additional mapping of the liminal spaces of human-environment interaction through pathways, TSRs, and exploration routes also adds the necessary cognitive salience element to the exploratory GIS.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The geometry of NNE troughs (Willandra trough, Iona Ridge, Balranald Trough) constrain the flow of ground water into a parallel flow alongside the Willandra trough and restrict the flow westward.

“For the ground water, this means that the conclusions from their studies show that the geometry of NNE troughs (Willandra trough, Iona Ridge, Balranald Trough) constrain the flow of ground water into a parallel flow alongside the Willandra trough and restrict the flow westward (See Figure 6) (Odins et al. 1991).”

• cites Odins et al. 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Exploratory GIS modelling is the key to understanding why the initial functional connections within Country are important and why European settlements caused deep, lasting, chaotic effects upon a living Country.

“Exploratory GIS modelling is the key to understanding why the initial functional connections within Country are important and why European settlements caused deep, lasting, chaotic effects upon a living Country.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Contact with 19th-century Europeans, particularly through fence construction and ground water appropriation, caused greater levels of exploitation and damage in the WLRWHA than currently recognised.

“caused greater levels of exploitation and damage than currently recognised.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Exploratory GIS modelling is theoretically determined and defined by the precepts in behavioural ecology and methodologically determined by the limits of the ecological data sets.

“Exploratory GIS modelling is theoretically determined and defined by the precepts in behavioural ecology and methodologically determined by the limits of the ecological data sets.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Such an approach for the Willandra Lakes would enable quantification of the levels of impact from the pastoral settlement on the local ecosystems.

“Such an approach for the Willandra Lakes would enable quantification of the levels of impact from the pastoral settlement on the local ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In this project the salience of the centroid and the edges of the GIS model are set by cultural framing rather than by the GIS technician or a research agenda.

“Thus, the salience of the centroid and the edges of the GIS model are set by cultural framing instead of the GIS technician, or a research agenda, for this project.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones in proximity to that water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake.

“The Ngyiampaa centre around the Willandra Creek and the land use zones within proximity to this water source, moving westward to Mungo Lake”

• cites Allbrook & McGrath 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tindale 1974aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The archaeological record of material traces does not represent the totality of human land use and occupancy.

“The archaeological record of material traces does not represent the totality of human land use and occupancy”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Exploratory GIS coupled with pGIS presents comprehensive models of the material records of past land use and occupancy and of the intangible cultural signatures of the Mutthi Mutthi, Ngyiampaa, and Paakantji (Barkindji).

“Exploratory GIS, coupled with pGIS, presents truly comprehensive models of the material records of past land use and occupancy and the nuanced intangible cultural signatures of the Mutthi Mutthi, Ngyiampaa, and Paakantji (Barkindji).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Tanks and fences both cause the development of microbiomes and are places where ground-truthing of a large-scale model would reveal quite different outputs with respect to vegetation structure and ultimately the visual or structural salience of land use zones.

“Tanks and fences both cause the development of microbiomes and are places where ground-truthing of a large-scale model would reveal quite different outputs with respect to vegetation structure and ultimately the visual or structural salience of land use zones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Somerville and Bates' work shows the importance of water and water pathways.

“This also is echoed in Somerville and Bates’ work showing the importance of water and water pathways”

• cites Somerville and BatesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The principles of the circuit theory approach of modelling disruptors into the model of structural salience or functional connectivity are applicable.

“the principles from this circuit theory approach of modelling disruptors into the model of structural salience or functional connectivity are applicable”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Fences require not only a buffer around them because they create a microbiome, but they also apportion the land in a way that puts artificial barrier into space that was previously constrained by the underlying geometry of the rivers, hills, and valleys.

“Fences, however, require not only a buffer around them because they create a microbiome, but they also apportion the land in a way that puts artificial barrier into space that was previously constrained by the underlying geometry of the rivers, hills, and valleys.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Models that ignore these pathways and focus on hydro-suitability, ecological values, or mapping areas of the archaeological record, are dismissing the cornerstone of structural salience for network route modelling.

“Models that ignore these pathways and focus on hydro-suitability, ecological values, or mapping areas of the archaeological record, are dismissing the cornerstone of structural salience for network route modelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The tanks, wells and bores in the areas highlighted as structurally salient by the GIS model in ecotonal areas should be the most critical resources and the resources for which conflict between the settlers and the Traditional Owners over the water is higher.

“By extension, the tanks, wells and bores in the areas highlighted as structurally salient by the GIS model in ecotonal areas, should be the most critical resources and the resources for which conflict between the settlers and the Traditional Owners over the water is higher.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Apart from the widespread impacts of grazing and tree felling, the other two main disruptors and barriers are the construction of tanks and the creation of fences.

“Apart from the widespread impacts of grazing and tree felling, the other two main disruptors and barriers are the construction of tanks and the creation of fences.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

The iterative nature of the exploratory design allows for multiple presentations of the connectivity between the spaces within the WLRWHA and therefore multiple ways of knowing and seeing space.

“The iterative nature of the exploratory design allows for multiple presentations of the connectivity between the spaces within the WLRWHA and therefore multiple ways of knowing and seeing space.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

These pathways are attractors or indicators of where the pGIS models of cognitive salience might overlap.

“Furthermore, these pathways are attractors or indicators of where the pGIS models of cognitive salience might overlap.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The depth of the water and the salinity was particularly constricting in the areas to the west of the Willandra Lakes.

“Thus, although explorations to develop wells and tanks were key to the pastoral settlement, the depth of the water and the salinity was particularly constricting in the areas to the west of the Willandra Lakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

From a GIS modelling perspective, these pathways are indicators of where the functional connectivity model between ecotones and water resources should also be strongest.

“From a GIS modelling perspective, these pathways are indicators of where the functional connectivity model between ecotones and water resources should also be strongest.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Summarised by Lennon in the 'Long Paddock', the TSRs are places where Indigenous and settler cultural landscapes intertwine and tend to follow water courses and/or pathways of Indigenous communities.

“Summarised by Lennon in the ‘Long Paddock’, the TSRs are places where Indigenous and settler cultural landscapes intertwine and tend to follow water courses and/or pathways of Indigenous communities (Lennon 2014, p. 58).”

• cites Lennon 2014, p. 58Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

These places are the liminal spaces that point the GIS model to the internal network of past land use and occupancy prior to pastoral settlement.

“In this format, these places are the liminal spaces that point the GIS model to the internal network of past land use and occupancy prior to pastoral settlement.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Exploratory GIS modelling incorporates the multifaceted impacts of salience assessments of a node, network, or area as a range of possibilities and a series of options.

“Exploratory GIS modelling incorporates the multifaceted impacts of salience assessments of a node, network, or area as a range of possibilities and a series of options.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Applying such an index approach to the Willandra Lakes would enable quantification of the levels of impact from pastoral settlement on the local ecosystems.

“Such an approach for the Willandra Lakes would enable quantification of the levels of impact from the pastoral settlement on the local ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Continuing attachment to Country by the Traditional Owners is the reason the WLRWHA is the centre of the exploratory GIS modelling.

“Continuing attachment to Country by the Traditional Owners is the reason that the WLRWHA is the centre of the exploratory GIS modelling.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Willandra Lakes continues as a place of deep significance for the Traditional Owners.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The step-by-step approach to the exploratory GIS model has demonstrated the need to incorporate more exploration and experimentation into modelling the past connections across the biocultural landscape.

“This step-by-step approach to the exploratory GIS model has demonstrated the need to incorporate more exploration and experimentation into modelling the past connections across the biocultural landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The TSRs and early roads are the endo-hulls of space that the modelling with Conefor Sensinode (or other circuit theory approaches) is trying to build through identifying patch salience.

“To a certain extent, the TSRs and early roads are the endo-hulls of space that the modelling with Conefor Sensinode (or other circuit theory approaches) is trying to build through identifying patch salience.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

These two anthropogenic changes dramatically altered the landscape of the Willandra Lakes because this new deeper footprint of human activity shifted and squashed the fragile arid ecosystem.

“These two anthropogenic changes dramatically altered the landscape of the Willandra Lakes because this new deeper footprint of human activity shifted and squashed the fragile arid ecosystem.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Apart from the widespread impacts of grazing and tree felling, the other two main disruptors and barriers in the Willandra Lakes are the construction of tanks and the creation of fences.

“Apart from the widespread impacts of grazing and tree felling, the other two main disruptors and barriers are the construction of tanks and the creation of fences.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This article is an opening point to assess the level of impact the construction of fences, tanks, and pastoral settlement had on the internal connections between land use and occupancy zones.

“This article is an opening point to assess the level of impact the construction of fences, tanks, and pastoral settlement had on the internal connections between land use and occupancy zones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The geometric features can be placed into a secondary model to identify the best places to conduct fieldwork to ground-truth the model.

“From a basic GIS modelling perspective, the geometric features that can be placed into a secondary model to identify the best places to conduct fieldwork to ground-truth the model.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

These pathways are defined by the record of human-environment interaction instead of by computational analysis.

“These pathways are defined by the record of human-environment interaction instead of by computational analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Efforts to measure human impacts on the environment with GIS connectivity models have produced indices such as the Human Footprint Index (HFI) and Spatial Human Footprint Index (SHFI), which use a composite of variables to assess human disturbance on an ecosystem.

“With GIS connectivity models, efforts to measure the human impacts upon the environment have resulted in modelling indices such as the HFI (Human Footprint Index) that use a composite of variables to assess the levels of human disturbance on a particular ecosystem and SHFI (Spatial Human Footprint Index)”

• cites Sanderson 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Correa Ayram et al. 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The impacts of European settlement on the pre-contact Indigenous pathways of land use and occupancy include, but are not limited to, depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment.

“These impacts include, but are not limited to, depletion of the topsoil, climate change, water table alteration, grazing impacts, and generalised degradation of the environment”

• cites Dare-Edwards 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites IPCC 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

From a GIS modelling perspective, this is an issue of scale and regional versus local modelling of resource zones.

“From a GIS modelling perspective, this is an issue of scale and regional versus local modelling of resource zones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Untangling anthropogenic impacts from each wave of settlement after the Traditional Owners yields exploratory GIS models of where the underlying functional network was weakened or obliterated by the waves of European settlement.

“Untangling anthropogenic impacts from each wave of settlement after the Traditional Owners leaves us with exploratory GIS models of where the underlying functional network was weakened, or obliterated, by the waves of European settlement.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) of this project was developed through ongoing consultation with the Aboriginal Advisory Group (AAG) of the WLRWHA, and ICIP protocols from the AAG governed the project development, approvals, and delivery of any published material.

“The Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) within this project was developed through ongoing consultation with the Aboriginal Advisory Group (AAG) of the Willandra Lakes Region World Heritage Area (WLRWHA). ICIP protocols from the AAG governed the project development, approvals, and delivery of any published material.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Including this layer into the design provides the structure to the modelling that is missing in network modelling based on just environmental or hydrological variables.

“Including this layer into the design provides the structure to the modelling that is missing in network modelling based on just environmental or hydrological variables.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

There are many issues with the way the water layers are classified and developed for these models.

“There are many issues however with the way that the water layers are classified and developed for these models”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The shape of the connections between places is important to understanding Country from the inside.

“The shape of the connections between places is important to understanding Country from the inside.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Lake Mungo, within Mungo National Park, has been a focus area for researchers because Mungo Man and Mungo Lady were discovered in the Mungo lunette.

“Furthermore, Lake Mungo, within Mungo National Park, has also been a focus area for researchers due to the discovery of Mungo Man and Mungo Lady in the Mungo lunette”

• cites Fitzsimmons et al. 2014, pp. 349–350 sourceNot checked yet
• cites Bowler et al. 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Allbrook and McGrath, 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.