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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire
Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
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BackgroundSettler colonialism as eco-social structure and the production of colonial ecological violence
Bacon, J. M. (2018) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2018.1474725 · Cited by 211
“…via ideological and cultural means the work of earlier failed attempts at total physical genocide (Wolfe 1999; Coulthard 2014; Fenelon and Trafzer 2014; Tuck and Wayne Yang 2013).1 Simultaneously subject to erasure are the processes of settler colonialism itself (Wolfe 2006; Veracini 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialUncovering Settler Grammars in Curriculum
Calderón, D. (2014) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2014.926904 · Cited by 211
“This process directly shapes the construction of social, economic, and political relations in the location settled (Razack 2002; Weitzer 1990; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialFighting Invasive Infrastructures
Spice, A. (2018) · Environment and Society · doi:10.3167/ares.2018.090104 · Cited by 193
Black Girl Ordinary: Flesh, Carcerality, and the Refusal of Ethnography
Shange, S. (2019) · Transforming Anthropology · doi:10.1111/traa.12143 · Cited by 190
Kuokkanen, R. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190913281.001.0001 · Cited by 205
Sensoy, Ö., & DiAngelo, R. (2017) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/1943-5045-87.4.557 · Cited by 178
“Nor do we intend to make invisible the history of White settler society that has erased Indigenous bodies for generations (Barker, 2009; Razack, 2002; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundSettler Colonialism and Cultural Studies
Rowe, A. C., & Tuck, E. (2016) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708616653693 · Cited by 205
Toward a Theory of Sportswashing: Mega-Events, Soft Power, and Political Conflict
Boykoff, J. (2022) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2022-0095 · Cited by 189
“” Settler colonialism is a “ land-centered project ” that bends toward genocide (Wolfe, 2006, p. 393).”
Toward an Indigenous, decolonizing school leadership: A literature review
Khalifa, M. A., Khalil, D., Marsh, T. E. J., & Halloran, C. (2019) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x18809348 · Cited by 171
État de siège : A dying domesticating colonialism?
HAGE, G. (2016) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12261 · Cited by 171
Countering Coloniality in Educational Research: From Ownership to Answerability
Patel, L. (2014) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2014.924942 · Cited by 185
“Settler colonialism, different than colonization for resources, goods, and human subjects, is based on the logic of owning land (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundIsrael-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization
Busbridge, R. (2017) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276416688544 · Cited by 168
Inventing Postcolonial Elites: Race, Language, Mix, Excess
Reyes, A. G. (2017) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12156 · Cited by 166
Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India
Hinchy, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108592208 · Cited by 197
Wright, S., Suchet‐Pearson, S., Lloyd, K., Burarrwanga, L., Ganambarr, R., Ganambarr‐Stubbs, M., Ganambarr, B., & Maymuru, D. (2019) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.05.017 · Cited by 164
Allegories of the Anthropocene
DeLoughrey, E. (2019) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478090021 · Cited by 289
The Costs of Institutional Racism and its Ethical Implications for Healthcare
Elias, A., & Paradies, Y. (2021) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-020-10073-0 · Cited by 185
“The colonial acquisition and expropriation of land belonging to Indigenous people started the long process of institutionalized racism, involving violence, dispossession, slavery, exploitation, and discrimination (Havemann 2005; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundSabzalian, L. (2019) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2019.1639572 · Cited by 181
“…citizens and nations in favor of framing Indigenous identity as an exclusively cultural topic, this literature reflects and reproduces a core practice of settler colonialism—the erasure of Indigenous peoples (Tuck & GaztambideFernández, 2013; Tuck & Yang, 2012; Veracini, 2011; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundTheorizing Gentrification as a Process of Racial Capitalism
Rucks‐Ahidiana, Z. (2021) · City and Community · doi:10.1177/15356841211054790 · Cited by 192
“Race and profit defined how European settlers valued and devalued Native American tribes’ lands, influencing patterns of colonial dispossession (Glenn 2015; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundRouhana, N. N., & Sabbagh‐Khoury, A. (2014) · Settler Colonial Studies · doi:10.1080/2201473x.2014.947671 · Cited by 157
Simpson, A. (2011) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2011.01095.x · Cited by 159
Geographies of race and ethnicity III
Pulido, L. (2017) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132516686011 · Cited by 168
“Over the past decade the concept of settler colonialism, a distinct form of colonization, has become increasingly prominent (Trask, 2000; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundKratzer, T. B., Jemal, A., Miller, K. D., Nash, S. H., Wiggins, C. L., Redwood, D. G., Smith, R. A., & Siegel, R. L. (2022) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21757 · Cited by 151
Carey, H. M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511921650 · Cited by 150
Research on Indigenous Elders: From Positivistic to Decolonizing Methodologies
Braun, K. L., Browne, C. V., Ka'opua, L. S., Kim, B. J., & Mokuau, N. (2014) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt067 · Cited by 149
“Wolfe (2006) argues that colonizing methodologies dually function to “dissolve native societies and erect a new colonial society on the expropriated land base” (p. 388).”
BackgroundPhillips-Beck, W., Eni, R., Lavoie, J. G., Avery Kinew, K., Kyoon Achan, G., & Katz, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228343 · Cited by 142
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
BackgroundRacial capitalism and the production of settler colonial cities
Dorries, H., Hugill, D., & Tomiak, J. (2019) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.07.016 · Cited by 185
Garba, T., & Sorentino, S. (2020) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12615 · Cited by 145
The psychic life of biopolitics: Survival, cooperation, and Inuit community
Stevenson, L. (2012) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01383.x · Cited by 142
Callison, C., & Young, M. L. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190067076.001.0001 · Cited by 296
Crook, M., Short, D., & South, N. (2018) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480618787176 · Cited by 175
Placing Property: Theorizing the Urban from Settler Colonial Cities
Blatman, N., & Porter, L. (2018) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12666 · Cited by 138
Understanding Colonialism and Settler Colonialism as Distinct Formations
Veracini, L. (2013) · Interventions · doi:10.1080/1369801x.2013.858983 · Cited by 135
Indigenous Making and Sharing: Claywork in an Indigenous STEAM Program
Barajas-López, F., & Bang, M. (2018) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2018.1437847 · Cited by 131
“…of materiality are reflective of and linked to the origins of settler-colonialism—land/water and the Cartesian cut from life to constructions of property and/or the powered transformations of life to material resource or good for human entitled use (e.g., Barad, 2010;Deloria, 1979; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundLyons, T., Shannon, K., Pierre, L., Small, W., Krüsi, A., & Kerr, T. H. (2015) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0015-4 · Cited by 131
“Colonialism and the ongoing attempts by the state to destroy indigenous peoples and their cultures includes practices such as residential schools, forcibly removing indigenous children from homes, displacement of land, and violence [24-26].”
BackgroundZaragocin, S. (2018) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12454 · Cited by 140
A modified and enriched theory of language policy (and management)
Spolsky, B. (2018) · Language Policy · doi:10.1007/s10993-018-9489-z · Cited by 201
Brown, L. (2018) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783318794295 · Cited by 72
Historicizing historical trauma theory: Troubling the trans-generational transmission paradigm
Maxwell, K. (2014) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461514531317 · Cited by 125
“As Patrick Wolfe has argued, this “logic of elimination” manifests as historically and spatially variable forms, but commonly transmutes from the brutal violence of the frontier into a “logic of assimilation” more consistent with the rule of law structuring enduring settler societies (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundNirmal, P., & Rocheleau, D. (2019) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848618819478 · Cited by 149
“While rural settlers systematically grabbed Adivasi lands using both legal and illegal, and usually illegitimate means, they marked the beginning of an era of ‘‘settler colonialism’’ (when colonialism is ongoing and structural: Wolfe, 2006) in Attappady.”
BackgroundContact Theory in a Small-Town Settler-Colonial Context
Denis, J. S. (2015) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414564998 · Cited by 125
The political ecologies of "green" extractivism(s): An introduction
Dunlap, A., Verweijen, J., & Tornel, C. (2024) · Journal of Political Ecology · doi:10.2458/jpe.6131 · Cited by 126
“The relation between green grabbing and green extractivism can thus be understood by Patrick Wolfe's (2006, 388) famous quote on settler colonialism: "invasion is a structure not an event."”
BackgroundRe-Presenting Melanesia: Ignoble Savages and Melanesian Alter-Natives
Kabutaulaka, T. T. (2015) · The Contemporary Pacific/The contemporary Pacific (Online) · doi:10.1353/cp.2015.0027 · Cited by 131
“To illustrate this point, let me turn to our neighbour Australia, a place where race relations were of great concern by the mid-18th century and continue to be an issue today (see Wolfe 2006; Anderson 2003).”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Economic History of Australia
(2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222 · Cited by 121
Chartrand, V. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.3138/cjccj.2018-0029 · Cited by 120
“Wolfe (1999, 2006) argues that in modern imperial projects of settler colonies, the language, techniques and practices change, but the overriding colonial logics and structures for dispossession remain.”
BackgroundThe Sociology of Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonialism
Steinmetz, G. (2014) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043131 · Cited by 121
New directions in environmental justice studies: examining the state and violence
Kojola, E., & Pellow, D. N. (2020) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2020.1836898 · Cited by 132
“Settler colonialism is an historical and ongoing structure of social and ecological domination associated with the European invasion of Indigenous lands and territories that was integral to the development of capitalism and industrialism, namely in North America, Australia, and New Zealand (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialEarth beyond repair: Race and apocalypse in collective imagination
Gergan, M. D., Smith, S. H., & Vasudevan, P. (2018) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775818756079 · Cited by 122
“Responses to these calls must be premised upon a radical unraveling of the “human” center of Anthropocene imagining, and produce imaginings that render clear how the lexicon of humanity has always been based on exclusionary racial violence and logics (Spillers, 2003; Weheliye, 2014; Wolfe, 2006).”
Background‘A slow industrial genocide’: tar sands and the indigenous peoples of northern Alberta
Huseman, J., & Short, D. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/13642987.2011.649593 · Cited by 118
Makdisi, S. S. (2010) · Critical Inquiry · doi:10.1086/653411 · Cited by 117
Masco, J. (2015) · History of the Present · doi:10.5406/historypresent.5.2.0137 · Cited by 117
Tomiak, J. (2017) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12308 · Cited by 131
Verweijen, J., & Dunlap, A. (2021) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102342 · Cited by 120
The Destruction of Identity: Cultural Genocide and Indigenous Peoples
Kingston, L. N. (2014) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754835.2014.886951 · Cited by 114
Unplug and Play: Manufacturing Collapse in Gaza
Salamanca, O. J. (2011) · Human Geography · doi:10.1177/194277861100400103 · Cited by 114
“As Patrick Wolfe notes, “settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event” (Wolfe 2006: p.388).”
BackgroundDunlap, A. (2019) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2019.1682789 · Cited by 114
“These impositions and statist technologies, exposed at length in their respective case studies, articulate the central macro, meso and, to a lesser degree, micro mechanisms propelling a structure of frontier conquest (see Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundStein, S. E. (2017) · Critical Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/17508487.2017.1409646 · Cited by 111
“In colonial contexts like the US, colonizers ‘come to stay’, that is, settle indefinitely (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundBodies with New Organs Becoming Trans, Becoming Disabled
Puar, J. (2015) · Social Text · doi:10.1215/01642472-3125698 · Cited by 78
What is a settler‐colonial city?
Hugill, D. (2017) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12315 · Cited by 112
Disaster Colonialism : A Commentary on Disasters beyond Singular Events to Structural Violence
Rivera, D. Z. (2020) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12950 · Cited by 109
Entangled Pasts: Land-Grant Colleges and American Indian Dispossession
Nash, M. A. (2019) · History of Education Quarterly · doi:10.1017/heq.2019.31 · Cited by 115
Settler Collective, Founding Violence and Disavowal: The Settler Colonial Situation
Veracini, L. (2008) · Journal of Intercultural Studies · doi:10.1080/07256860802372246 · Cited by 109
“However, while Patrick Wolfe insists on settler colonialism’s inherent logic of elimination, this article emphasises settler colonialism’s need to disavow its violence (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundWilson, N. J., Montoya, T., Arseneault, R., & Curley, A. (2021) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508060.2021.1928972 · Cited by 107
“However, as Wolfe (2006) notes, settler colonialism is a structure, not an event.”
BackgroundAmerican Indian historical trauma: community perspectives from two great plains medicine men
Hartmann, W. E., & Gone, J. P. (2014) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-014-9671-1 · Cited by 105
“…a people would likely encourage oversimplified historical accounts of colonization as a finite traumatic event rather than a complex, unfolding set of processes or structures within US settlercolonial society (for more on the shortcomings of understanding colonization as an event, see Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundSabzalian, L., Shear, S. B., & Snyder, J. (2021) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2021.1922322 · Cited by 113
“(p. 453) Whether intentional or out of ignorance, the discursive erasure of Indigenous sovereignty is congruent with the broader structure of settler colonialism that seeks to eliminate Indigenous lands and life (Tuck & Yang, 2012; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialTender grounds: Intimate visceral violence and British Columbia's colonial geographies
de Leeuw, S. (2016) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.11.010 · Cited by 113
Neoliberal settler colonialism, Canada and the tar sands
Preston, J. (2013) · Race & Class · doi:10.1177/0306396813497877 · Cited by 116
Sturm, C. D. (2017) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.14506/ca32.3.03 · Cited by 104
Because its power remains naturalized: introducing the settler colonial determinants of health
Wispelwey, B. P., Tanous, O., Asi, Y., Hammoudeh, W., & Mills, D. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1137428 · Cited by 138
“What species of sophistry does it take to separate a quarter “part” of the life of a group from the history of their elimination?” (35).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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