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Development of Short Forms From the PROMIS™ Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Item Banks
Open accessAbstract
This article reports on the development of short forms from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS™) Sleep Disturbance (SD) and Sleep-Related Impairment (SRI) item banks. Results from post-hoc computerized adaptive testing (CAT) simulations, item discrimination parameters, item means, and clinical judgments were used to select the best-performing 8 items for SD and SRI. The final 8-item short forms provided less test information than the corresponding full banks, but correlated strongly with the longer forms. The short forms had greater measurement precision than the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), as indicated by larger test information values across the continuum of severity, despite having fewer total items--a major advantage for both research and clinical settings.
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“The PROMIS Sleep Disturbance assessment, in particular, reflects a global measure of sleep, rather than focusing on a particular disorder.”
From The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Previous work has described the development and psychometric testing of the PROMIS sleep disturbance measure among individuals age 18 and older. 31;32”
From The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Using the final item parameters for the SD and SRI banks, the PSQI and ESS were calibrated using the Graded Response Model (GRM; Samejima, 1969), with parameters from SD and SRI fixed.”
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Reeve, B. B., Hays, R. D., Bjørner, J. B., Cook, K. F., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., Thissen, D., Revicki, D. A., Weiss, D. J., Hambleton, R. K., et al. (2007) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04 · Cited by 1,491 · cited 2×
“A more detailed description of the specific PROMIS analytic framework is available elsewhere (see Reeve et al., 2007).”
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Munro, C. L., Liang, Z., Ji, M., Elias, M. N., Chen, X., Calero, K., & Ely, E. W. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106277 · Cited by 10
Hussain, J., Chawla, G., Rafiqzad, H., Huang, S., Bartlett, S. J., Li, M., Howell, D., Peipert, J. D., Novák, M., & Mucsi, I. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.01.001 · Cited by 10
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“Secondary patient-reported sleep outcomes determined a priori were T-scores from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep disturbance (-SD) and sleep-related impairment (-SRI) 8-item short-form questionnaires [35].”
BackgroundMethodKrebs, E. E., Becker, W. C., Nelson, D. B., DeRonne, B., Nugent, S. M., Jensen, A., Amundson, E. C., Manuel, J. K., Borsari, B. E., Kats, A. M., et al. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.107001 · Cited by 12
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“…information system (PROMis) on sleep disturbance, and sleep impairment measures were used to measure insomnia, with a score ranging to 40 [20, 21]. insomnia was defined as having a score higher or equal to 21. tobacco usage was measured using questions “have you ever chewed tobacco,…”
The Feasibility and Benefits of a Virtual Yoga Practice for Stroke Survivors With Aphasia
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Self-citationNovak, J. R., Miller, K. C., Gunn, H. E., & Troxel, W. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14047 · Cited by 12
“Sleep quality was measured with the eight-item PROMIS sleep disturbance scale (Yu et al., 2012), which has been validated against the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and had greater measurement precision (Yu et al., 2012).”
MethodRisk for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Linked to Circadian Clock Gene Variants
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“…(BDI-II ( n = 254); Beck and Beamesderfer 1974 [33]), Spielberger’s State–Trait Anxiety Scale (State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger et al., 1983 [34]), and the short form of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep Disturbance (PROMIS ® ; Yu et al., 2012 [35]).”
Susman, E. S., Patino, E. O., Tiab, S. S., Dong, L., Gumport, N. B., Sarfan, L. D., Hinshaw, S. P., & Harvey, A. G. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.05.001 · Cited by 10
“33 The PROMIS–Sleep Disturbance (PROMIS-SD) is a primary outcome assessing sleep disturbance (8 items, 5-point scale).”
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Grobler, H. B., Plooy, K. D., Krüger, P., & Ellis, S. M. (2021) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00812463211009422 · Cited by 10
“Four questions were asked from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (Yu et al., 2011), based on a 5-point scale varying from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much).”
MethodEnsari, I., Caceres, B. A., Jackman, K., Suero-Tejeda, N. M., Shechter, A., Odlum, M. L., & Henry, S. B. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.023 · Cited by 10
Gordon, B. R., Qiu, L., Doerksen, S. E., Kanski, B., Lorenzo, A., Truica, C. I., Vasekar, M. K., Wang, M., Winkels, R. M., Abdullah, S., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101058 · Cited by 10
Self-reported effects of cold temperature exposure in persons with tetraplegia
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Burns, J. W., Janssen, İ., Lillis, T. A., Mulcahy, M., Purim-Shem-Tov, Y. A., Bruehl, S. P., Burgess, H. J., Fischer, A. R., Rim, K. L., Aranda, F., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001960 · Cited by 10
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Future directions to address sleep health disparity among Asian American immigrants
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“Secondary exploratory sleep outcome measures included the PROMIS™ Sleep-Related Impairment Short Form (PROMIS™ SI SF; (Yu et al., 2012)), and the ISI (Morin et al., 2011).”
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“Fatigue was measured with the eight-item short-form version of the PROMIS sleep-related impairment questionnaire, 34,35 and the eight-item Swedish Occupational Fatigue Index.”
MethodKalmbach, D. A., Reffi, A. N., Ong, J. C., Cheng, P., Walch, O., Pitts, D., Seymour, G. M., Hirata, M., Roth, A., Roth, T. G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14040 · Cited by 9
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“The PROMIS-4a contains well-validated items 24,25 and displayed very high internal consistency at baseline (4 items; α = 0.94).”
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Harvey, A. G., Agnew, E. R., Hache, R. E., Spencer, J. M., Diaz, M., Patino, E. O., Milner, A., Dong, L., Kilbourne, A. M., Buysse, D. J., et al. (2025) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-025-01440-9 · Cited by 12
“…by endorsing 4 (quite a bit) or 5 (very much), or the equivalent for reverse scored items, on one or more PROMIS-Sleep Disturbance questions [47, 48]; (4) guaranteed place to sleep for at least two months that was not a shelter; (5) received the standard of care for the SMI and consent to…”
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“23”
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“Reliability of the PROMIS-SD in the present sample was good (Cronbach alpha = 0.84; McDonald’s omega = 0.88).”
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“These scores were converted to T-scores based on the PROMIS scoring guide, and all analyses were conducted using the T-scores”
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“The PROMIS Sleep Related Impairment (SRI-8a) scale assesses the impact of sleep disturbances on daytime functioning (Yu et al., 2012).”
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“The American Psychology Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM5) sleep quality questionnaire will be used to assess participants’ sleep quality and patterns, including sleep duration, sleep onset latency, and sleep efficiency [58].”
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“30 Wu translated these two scales into Chinese and integrated them as PROMS-B-C-SD, 31 utilizing it to measure sleep disturbances levels experienced within the past 7 days.”
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“For sleep quality, Study 1 used the 8-item Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance Short Form [93], which has good psychometric properties in adult populations [94].”
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Proximal Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the OSPREY Study
Malhotra, A. K., Schwartz, A. R., Lovett, E. G., Juran, N., Nguyen, S. A., Barrera, J. E., Bogan, R., Mickelson, S. A., Boghara, H., Miller, M., et al. (2026) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-25-04414 · Cited by 9
Social media use in patients with fibromyalgia and its effect on symptom severity and sleep quality
Külekçioğlu, S., & Çetin, A. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-021-00210-7 · Cited by 8
Mascaro, J. S., Palmer, P. K., Ash, M. J., Peacock, C., Escoffery, C., Grant, G. H., & Raison, C. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211855 · Cited by 11
“Regarding interpersonal factors important to well-being, we were interested in CRCs experiences of incivility from their colleagues, leadership, and from patients, given the well-documented negative effects of incivility on morale and performance [28,29].”
BackgroundZhan, C., Nagy, G. A., Wu, J. Q., McCabe, B. E., Stafford, A. M., & Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-022-01342-8 · Cited by 12
Wu, N. L., Phipps, A. I., Krull, K. R., Syrjala, K. L., Carpenter, P. A., Connelly‐Smith, L. S., Flowers, M. E. D., Krakow, E. F., Ueda, M., Lee, S. J., et al. (2022) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006672 · Cited by 8
Chen, Y. T., Lescoat, A., Khanna, D., & Murphy, S. L. (2022) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.25000 · Cited by 8
Barajas-Gonzalez, R. G., Torres, H. L., Urcuyo, A. E., Salamanca, E., Santos, M., & Pagán, O. (2022) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2022.2153846 · Cited by 8
“…System (PROMIS) sleep disturbance – short form 4a. Tools for PROMIS were developed through a rigorous mixed-method approach, involving content validation and psychometric testing to function as valid measures for both clinical research and practice with diverse populations (Yu et al., 2011).”
MethodFoxen-Craft, E. C., Bourchtein, E., Kaplan, C. M., Clauw, D. J., & Scott, E. L. (2022) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001083 · Cited by 8
Impact of Sleep Disturbance on Clinical Outcomes in Lumbar Decompression
Nie, J. W., Hartman, T. J., Oyetayo, O. O., Zheng, E., MacGregor, K. R., & Singh, K. (2023) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.01.013 · Cited by 8
Dasa, V., Mihalko, W. M., Rivadeneyra, A., Urban, J., Wickline, A., Rogenmoser, D., Concoff, A. L., Spitzer, A. I., & Mont, M. A. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x241304193 · Cited by 8
Jaurequi, M. E., Kimmes, J. G., Ledermann, T., Seibert, G. S., Pocchio, K. E., & Tawfiq, D. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1845183 · Cited by 9
“Sleep problems Sleep problems was measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance (SD) and Sleep Related Impairment (SRI; PROMIS-SD-SRI).(38) The PROMIS-SD-SRI measures problems initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening and sleep quality.”
MethodHenwood, B. F., Rhoades, H., Dzubur, E., Madden, D. R., Redline, B., & Brown, R. T. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001446 · Cited by 8
Chan, W. S., & Cheng, C. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.1902813 · Cited by 8
“…and demonstrated high agreement with other widely used questionnaires of sleep disturbances, such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), but greater precision in measuring specifically insomnia as opposed to sleep disturbances related to sleep apnea (Buysse et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2011).”
MethodInfluentialCan PROMIS measures be used to create subgroups for patients seeking orthopaedic care?
George, S. Z., Yan, X., Luo, S., Olson, S. A., Reinke, E. K., Bolognesi, M. P., & Horn, M. E. (2021) · Bone & Joint Open · doi:10.1302/2633-1462.27.bjo-2021-0045.r1 · Cited by 8
Hwang, Y., & Hodgson, N. A. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.06.019 · Cited by 8
Sleep and mental health in pregnancy during COVID-19: A parallel process growth model
Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., Rioux, C., MacKinnon, A., Silang, K., Roos, L. E., Lebel, C. A., & Giesbrecht, G. F. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.05.011 · Cited by 8
Pulling, B. W., Braithwaite, F. A., Moseley, G. L., Jensen, M. P., Burke, A. L. J., Collins, K. L., Hull, M. J., Jones, H. G., Cyna, A. M., Ferencz, N., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2022.2105147 · Cited by 8
Correlates of cognition among people with chronic heart failure and insomnia
Geer, J. H., Jeon, S., O’Connell, M., Linsky, S., Conley, S., Hollenbeak, C. S., Jacoby, D. L., Yaggi, H. K., & Redeker, N. S. (2022) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-022-02716-w · Cited by 8
Aldhahi, M. I., Bakhsh, H. R., Sheeha, B. H. B., & Alhasani, R. (2024) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-023-02223-w · Cited by 8
“PROMIS of Dyspnea Activity Motivation, Requirement items and sleep related impairment (SRI) item bank are widely used instruments designed to assess the impact of dyspnea and sleep on activity-related motivations and requirements [14, 15].”
MethodSocial Pain Minimization Mediates Discrimination’s Effect on Sleep Health
Kunstman, J. W., Kinkel‐Ram, S. S., Benbow, K. L., Hunger, J. M., Smith, A. R., Troop‐Gordon, W., Nadorff, M. R., & Maddox, K. B. (2024) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2024.2423296 · Cited by 8
“Sleep quality was assessed with the short-form PROMIS measure of sleep disturbance (Yu et al., 2012).”
Flynn, D. M., McQuinn, H. M., Fairchok, A., Eaton, L. H., Langford, D. J., Snow, T. J., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2018.100311 · Cited by 8
Li, H., Doorenbos, A. Z., Xia, Y., Sun, J., Choi, H., Harris, R. E., Gao, S., Sullivan, K., & Schlaeger, J. M. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14120698 · Cited by 7
“The PROMIS Sleep Disturbance subscale (4 items) is used to assess perceived sleep quality, sleep depth, and restoration associated with sleep; perceived difficulties and concerns with getting to sleep or staying asleep; and perceived adequacy of and satisfaction with sleep [31].”
McClure, A. C., Fenn, M., Lebby, S. R., Mecchella, J. N., Brilling, H. K., Finn, S. H., Dovin, K. A., Chinburg, E. L., MASSA, J. S., Janisch, K., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17111854 · Cited by 7
Rai, S., Godfrey, K., Graff, K., Tansey, R. C., Merrikh, D., Yin, S., Feigelis, M., Demeter, D. V., Vanderwal, T., Greene, D. J., et al. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.117 · Cited by 9
“…participants completed surveys (Supplemental Table S1) that asked recall questions about the videos they viewed during each of six functional runs and whether they felt tired, sleepy, or had difficulty staying awake (derived from the PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment Short Form; Yu et al., 2012).”
ACE trial design: Equol targeting estrogen receptor‐β in vascular and cognitive aging
Sekikawa, A. M., Wharton, W., Murray-Krezan, C. M., Wu, M., Chang, Y.-F., Snitz, B. E., Coccari, M. L., Yang, S., Love, M. L., Cusick, D., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70144 · Cited by 8
Ryu, S., Morey, B. N., Lee, G., Kawachi, I. I., Redline, S. S., & Lee, S. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac211 · Cited by 7
Messman, B., Jin, L., Slavish, D. C., AlGhraibeh, A. M. A., Aljomaa, S. S., & Contractor, A. A. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.125 · Cited by 7
Swanson, G. R., Schwartz, B. A., Joyce, C., & Keshavarzian, A. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15052 · Cited by 9
Emert, S. E., Taylor, D. J., Gartenberg, D., Schade, M. M., Roberts, D. M., Nagy, S. M., Russell, M. A., Huskey, A., Mueller, M., Gamaldo, A. A., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107275 · Cited by 11
Giordano, N. A., Pasquel, F. J., Pak, V. M., Rogers, A. E., Selimovic, S., Pelkmans, J. L., & Miller, A. H. (2023) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738231182550 · Cited by 7
“In the original studies validating PROMIS Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance measures, patients with OSA diagnoses were not specifically included (Cook et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodHuntington Study Group's Neuropsychology Working Group: Implementing Non‐Motor Diagnostic Criteria
Considine, C. M., Rossetti, M. A., Bene, V. A. D., Anderson, K. M., Anderson, S. A., Celka, A. S., Edmondson, M. C., Sheese, A. L. N., Piccolino, A. L., Teixeira, A. L., et al. (2023) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13910 · Cited by 7
Batterham, P. J., Gendi, M., Christensen, H. M., Calear, A. L., Shand, F., Sunderland, M., Borschmann, R., Banfield, M., O’Dea, B., Larsen, M. E., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05335-1 · Cited by 9
Dou, N., Deitch, R., Kowalski, A. J., Kuhn, A. P., Lane, H., Parker, E. A. D., Wang, Y., Zafarí, Z., Black, M. M., & Hager, E. R. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107408 · Cited by 7
Leong, C. A., Summers, A., Grote, V. E., Jackson, K., Dowling, G. A., Snowberg, K., Cotten, P. D., Cheung, E. O., Yang, D., Addington, E. L., et al. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04817-5 · Cited by 7
Greenwood-Hickman, M. A., Shapiro, L. N., Chen, S., Crane, P. K., Harrington, L. B., Johnson, K., LaCroix, A. Z., Lane, L. G., McCurry, S. M., Shaw, P. A., et al. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05251-3 · Cited by 7
Sleep Disturbances and Risk of Sports Injury Among Collegiate Student-Athletes
Messman, B., Petrie, K. A., Moore, E. W. G., & Petrie, T. A. (2024) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000001278 · Cited by 7
Chung, A., Jin, P., Kamboukos, D. M., Robbins, R., Blanc, J., Jean‐Louis, G., & Seixas, A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159416 · Cited by 7
Li, H., Schlaeger, J. M., Patil, C. L., Danciu, O. C., Xia, Y., Sun, J., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2022) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004221136567 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Yu, L., Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Moul, D. E., Stover, A., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., & Pilkonis, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-24
- ISSN
- 1540-2002 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-2010
- PMC
- PMC3261577
- OpenAlex
- W2053601856
- Cited by
- 1,241
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 140 · 2025: 183 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioral Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR052171, U01AR52186, U01 AR 52177, U01AR52181, U01AR52155, U01AR052186, U01AR52171, U01AR052170, U01AR052158, U01AR52170, U01AR052155, U01AR052177, U01AR52158, U01AR052181)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- PROMIS, sleep disorders, sleep-related impairment, short form, item bank, computerized adaptive testing, test information function, item discrimination, patient-reported outcomes, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, measurement precision
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Wake Disorders, Reproducibility of Results
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