Cited by 1,241Sleep and related disordersPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Development of Short Forms From the PROMIS™ Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Item Banks

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Yu, Lan, Buysse, Daniel J., Germain, Anne, Moul, Douglas E., Stover, Angela, Dodds, Nathan E., Johnston, Kelly L., Pilkonis, Paul A.·2012·Behavioral Sleep Medicine

DOI 10.1080/15402002.2012.636266PMC PMC3261577

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Abstract

This article reports on the development of short forms from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS™) Sleep Disturbance (SD) and Sleep-Related Impairment (SRI) item banks. Results from post-hoc computerized adaptive testing (CAT) simulations, item discrimination parameters, item means, and clinical judgments were used to select the best-performing 8 items for SD and SRI. The final 8-item short forms provided less test information than the corresponding full banks, but correlated strongly with the longer forms. The short forms had greater measurement precision than the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), as indicated by larger test information values across the continuum of severity, despite having fewer total items--a major advantage for both research and clinical settings.

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The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · cited 2×
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BackgroundSelf-citation
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Johns, M. W. (1991) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540 · Cited by 17,364 · cited 1×
“…the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989) is the most widely used scale for sleep disturbance, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS; Johns, 1991, 1992) is the most widely used measure of daytime sleepiness, each with over 500 literature citations.”
Method
Reviews: Lord, Frederic M., and Novick, Melvin R. (with contributions by Allan Birnbaum). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968. xii + 568 pp. $14.95.
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Applications of Item Response Theory To Practical Testing Problems
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“The term calibration has various meanings under different contexts ( Angoff, 1971 ; Kolen & Brennan, 2004 ; Linn, 1993 ; Lord, 1980 ; Thissen & Wainer, 2001).”
Background
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 4,106
ESTIMATION OF LATENT ABILITY USING A RESPONSE PATTERN OF GRADED SCORES1
Samejima, F. (1968) · ETS Research Bulletin Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x · Cited by 2,670 · cited 1×
“Using the final item parameters for the SD and SRI banks, the PSQI and ESS were calibrated using the Graded Response Model (GRM; Samejima, 1969), with parameters from SD and SRI fixed.”
Method
Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Johns, M. (1992) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/15.4.376 · Cited by 2,193 · cited 1×
“…the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989) is the most widely used scale for sleep disturbance, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS; Johns, 1991, 1992) is the most widely used measure of daytime sleepiness, each with over 500 literature citations.”
Method
Theory of Mental Tests
Gulliksen, H. O. (1950) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1037/13240-000 · Cited by 2,184
Psychometric Evaluation and Calibration of Health-Related Quality of Life Item Banks
Reeve, B. B., Hays, R. D., Bjørner, J. B., Cook, K. F., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., Thissen, D., Revicki, D. A., Weiss, D. J., Hambleton, R. K., et al. (2007) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04 · Cited by 1,491 · cited 2×
“A more detailed description of the specific PROMIS analytic framework is available elsewhere (see Reeve et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Development and validation of patient-reported outcome measures for sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairments
Buysse, D. J., Yu, L., Moul, D. E., Germain, A., Stover, A., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., Shablesky-Cade, M. A., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.6.781 · Cited by 850 · cited 3×
“For a detailed description of this pooled sample, see Buysse et al. (2010).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation

Show all 21 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

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Chkhaidze, A., Millar, B. M., Revenson, T. A., & Mindlis, I. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-024-10326-x · Cited by 8
“…they met the following inclusion criteria: substantial sleep difficulties as indicated by a score > 54 on the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance short form [19]; not taking prescription or over-the-counter sleeping aids; being able to complete assessments in English; and being willing to bring a companion…”
Fatigue is distinct from sleepiness and negatively impacts individuals living with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): results from qualitative research of individuals with OSA
Emsellem, H. A., Colwell, H. H., CRONIN, J. W., Farkas, R., & Mathias, S. D. (2025) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02355-1 · Cited by 5
“The PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment-8a is an 8 item, self-administered measure of perceived functional impairments during wakefulness associated with sleep problems or impaired alertness/ sleepiness/tiredness [42, 43].”
The Impact of Psoriasis on Sleep Quality: Examining the Relationship Between Psoriasis, Sleep, and Mental Health
Leung, A., Haran, K., Marquez-Grap, G., Chang, K., Johnson, C. E., Kranyak, A. C., Bhutani, T., & Liao, W. J. (2025) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-025-01449-4 · Cited by 5
“However, to our knowledge, PROMIS has not been used to evaluate sleep in patients with pso‑ riasis, even though it is considered more precise than PSQI [9, 12].”
Influential
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Williams, R., Gloston, G. F., Ward, K. C., Jain, S., Hays, K., Ensor, A. E., Patel, S. S., Patel, N., Hogue, M., Thomas, S. J., et al. (2025) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-025-01345-4 · Cited by 6
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Lee, M., & Jung, J. (2025) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644251393444 · Cited by 5
“…theory (IRT) models are widely used in fields including large-scale educational assessments (e.g., PISA and NAEP; Mislevy et al., 1992; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2024) and the measurement of patient-reported outcomes (e.g., Hansen et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2012).”
Work Hours, Stress, and Burnout Among Resident Physicians
Tan, S. F., Siddiqui, H., Pinto, A. A., Paur, B., Chen, G., Elfenbein, D. M., Minichiello, V. J., Barrett, B., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.53974 · Cited by 6
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Nagy, S. M., Emert, S. E., Leete, J. J., Taylor, D. J., Dietch, J. R., Slavish, D. C., Ruggero, C. J., & Kelly, K. S. (2024) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2024.2362370 · Cited by 5
“The SRI is an 8-item measure of sleep-related impairment over the past 7 days (Yu et al., 2012).”
Patient-reported outcomes and daily activity assessed with a digital wearable device in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria treated with ravulizumab: REVEAL, a prospective, observational study
Griffiths, E. A., Min, J. S., Lee, W.-N., Yu, J. C., Patel, Y., Myrén, K.-J., & Dingli, D. (2024) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-024-02279-2 · Cited by 5
“• PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment and Sleep Disturbance Short Form, two 4-item questionnaires that assess sleep quality over the past 7 days [24].”
Background
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Method
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“Items from the Consensus Sleep Diary [116] and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance Scale [117,118] ask about recent sleep quantity and quality.”
Protocol: Using N-of-1 tests to identify responders to melatonin for sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease
Nikles, J., O’Sullivan, J. D., Mitchell, G. K., Smith, S. S., McGree, J. M., Senior, H., Dissanyaka, N., & Ritchie, A. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100397 · Cited by 5
Predicting Unplanned Health Care Utilization and Cost
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Granger, C. L., Edbrooke, L., Antippa, P. N., Wright, G. M., McDonald, C. F., Lamb, K. E., Irving, L. B., Krishnasamy, M., Abo, S., Whish‐Wilson, G. A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001189 · Cited by 6
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“Sleep was measured using the PROMIS 8-item Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment questionnaires, with higher T scores indicating more sleep disturbance and impairment [22].”
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Protocol for a randomized controlled study examining the role of rapid eye movement sleep in fear-related mechanisms: rapid eye movement fragmentation and fear inhibition in adults with insomnia disorders before and after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
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Everyday Discrimination and Sleep Among Migrant and Non-migrant Filipinos: Longitudinal Analyses from the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES)
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A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION METHODS OF INDOOR LIGHT ENVIRONMENT FOR OCCUPANT COMFORT AND WELL-BEING
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Sleep and Pain in Veterans with Chronic Pain: Effects of Psychological Pain Treatment and Temporal Associations
Wilson, M., Skeiky, L., Muck, R. A., Miller, M., Hansen, D., Williams, R. M., Jensen, M. P., & Dongen, H. P. A. V. (2023) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s418532 · Cited by 5
Unintended consequences: college students’ melatonin usage, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms
Peltz, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2023) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-023-00506-9 · Cited by 5
“Participants’ perceptions of sleep disturbance were assessed with the 8 items of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance scale [28].”
The effects of service dogs for children with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: a cross-sectional study
Rodriguez, K. E., Rispoli, M. J., Kelleher, B., MacLean, E. L., & O’Haire, M. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1355970 · Cited by 5
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Giordano, N. A., Aspang, J. S. U., Baker, J., Holder, C., Cantu, N., Checo, G., Rice, C. W., Barrell, B., Wallace, M., Steck, A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000003121 · Cited by 5
Interpersonal consequences of paranoid ideation, negative symptoms and sleep problems in a transdiagnostic sample of individuals with psychosis
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“The PROMIS® Short Form v 1.0–Sleep Disturbance 8a and Short Form v 1.0–Sleep-Related Impairment 8a (Buysse et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2012) assessed sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment at baseline and post-intervention.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
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“Self-reported surveys from the short form of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) were selected and included [18]: anxiety, depression [18], fatigue [19,20], sleep [21], physical function [22], pain [23], cognitive abilities, and cognitive function [24].”
Reddit for research recruitment? Social media as a novel clinical trial recruitment tool for adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors
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“Sleep quality: The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep Disturbance scale-short form [43] is used to assess sleep quality.”
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“Changes in sleep quality were assessed with the Patient Reported Outcome Measure Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8b, which was scored as previously described.(22,23)”
Method
EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR NATURAL LIGHT EXPOSURE ON SLEEP QUALITY IN THE ELDERLY
Şansal, K. E., Tanrıöver, S. H., & Aka, B. T. (2020) · The Turkish Journal of Geriatrics · doi:10.31086/tjgeri.2020.147 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, the participants filled in a Turkish version of the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short Form (PSDSF) (21).”
MethodInfluential
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Saleska, J. L., Pauli, E. K., Rezvan, P. H., Cobb, O. M., Chen, J., Thorogood, P. W., Bačkonja, M., Colwell, C. S., Loewy, D. H., Russo, E. B., et al. (2022) · Integrative Medicine Reports · doi:10.1089/imr.2022.0081 · Cited by 5

Authors: Yu, L., Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Moul, D. E., Stover, A., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., & Pilkonis, P. A.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Cleveland Clinic (US)
ORCID: Yu, Lan
Buysse, Daniel J.
Germain, Anne
Moul, Douglas E.
Stover, Angela
Dodds, Nathan E.
Johnston, Kelly L.
Pilkonis, Paul A.
Venue: Behavioral Sleep Medicine
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 6-24
ISSN: 1540-2002 (ISSN-L)
1540-2010
DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2012.636266
PMC: PMC3261577
OpenAlex: W2053601856
Cited by: 1,241
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 140 · 2025: 183 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 17.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Behavioral Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR052171, U01AR52186, U01 AR 52177, U01AR52181, U01AR52155, U01AR052186, U01AR52171, U01AR052170, U01AR052158, U01AR52170, U01AR052155, U01AR052177, U01AR52158, U01AR052181)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: PROMIS, sleep disorders, sleep-related impairment, short form, item bank, computerized adaptive testing, test information function, item discrimination, patient-reported outcomes, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, measurement precision
MeSH terms: Aged, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Wake Disorders, Reproducibility of Results

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Development of Short Forms From the PROMIS™ Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Item Banks

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