Performance of Conventional and Antimicrobial-Treated Filtering Facepiece Respirators Challenged with Biological Aerosols
Open accessAbstract
This study evaluated the filtration performance of four commercially available models of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) against both biological and inert aerosols at a flow rate of 85 L/min. Conventional N95 and P100 FFRs and two antimicrobial (AM)-treated FFRs (an N95 and a P95, both with iodine-based AM treatments) were tested for both physical penetration (PEN(P)) and viable penetration (PEN(V)) with three different bioaerosols, including MS2 bacteriophage virus, and the spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus atrophaeus bacteria, in addition to inert sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol. For each FFR model, the PEN(P) measured with NaCl was predictive of its MS2 PEN(P), and it was observed that spores and bacteria aerosols were also filtered similarly to the inert aerosol. For both conventional FFRs, up to a 1-log reduction in PEN(V) in comparison with PEN(P) was observed and attributed to the experimental variability of the test system. For both models of AM-FFRs, no statistically significant differences between PEN(V) and PEN(P) for any of the three different bioaerosol challenges were observed. Thus, no bioaerosol filtration enhancement over the conventional FFRs was detected for either iodine-based AM-FFR. In the absence of any standardized test methods, we recommend that future studies evaluating the filtration performance of AM-treated FFRs incorporate the experimental best practices described h…
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 37 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
No statistical differences in PEN V were observed for the AM-FFR tested with or without the iodine neutralizer.
“Thus, in contrast to Lee et al., (26) no statistical differences in PEN V were observed for the AM-FFR tested with or without the iodine neutralizer in our study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Lee et al. (26) source
- Premisecitation
Sublimated iodine can be inadvertently captured in the impinger medium and produce a biocidal effect during the sampling period, making it impossible to distinguish whether microorganism kill occurs in the airborne state or in the impinger medium.
“a previous study of bioaerosol filtration by iodine-treated AM-FFRs by Lee et al. (26) reported that sublimated iodine could be inadvertently captured in the impinger medium and produce a biocidal effect during the sampling period, making it impossible to distinguish whether microorganism kill occurs in the airborne state or in the impinger medium.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Lee et al. (26) source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Previous studies have shown agreement between physical penetrations of inert and biological aerosols at particle sizes of 1 μm and above.
“Moreover, previous studies have shown agreement between physical penetrations of inert and biological aerosols at particle sizes of 1 µm and above.(13,16,24,31,32)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [13] source
- cites [16] source
- cites [24] source
The Conclusions and Future Work section says inert aerosols may generally model penetration of similarly sized viruses. But the Results and Discussion compare inert and biological aerosols at approximately 0.02–0.1 µm, not at 1 µm and above. The cited paper therefore supports the general comparison, but not the claimed particle-size range. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [31] source
- cites [32] McCullough N. V., 1997, Ann. Occup. Hyg. source
- Findingown data
Spores and bacteria aerosols were filtered similarly to the inert aerosol.
“it was observed that spores and bacteria aerosols were also filtered similarly to the inert aerosol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For both conventional FFRs, up to a 1-log reduction in viable penetration compared with physical penetration was observed.
“For both conventional FFRs, up to a 1-log reduction in PEN V in comparison with PEN P was observed”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
For both models of antimicrobial-treated FFRs, no statistically significant differences between viable penetration and physical penetration for any of the three bioaerosol challenges were observed.
“For both models of AM-FFRs, no statistically significant differences between PEN V and PEN P for any of the three different bioaerosol challenges were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For each FFR model, the physical penetration measured with NaCl was predictive of its MS2 physical penetration.
“For each FFR model, the PEN P measured with NaCl was predictive of its MS2 PEN P”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For the AM-P95 FFR, PEN V was slightly larger than PEN P (LIV < 0).
“For the AM-P95 FFR, PEN V was slightly larger than PEN P (LIV < 0)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The AM-N95's LIV was less than that of the conventional N95.
“and its LIV was less than that of the conventional N95”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For the conventional N95 and P100 FFRs, the tested PEN V values were less than PEN P (LIVs > 0).
“For the conventional N95 and P100 FFRs, the tested PEN V values were less than PEN P (LIVs > 0).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Screening measurements using a NaCl aerosol revealed that the penetration of the AM-P95 product was significantly lower than that of a variety of conventional P95 products that were also tested.
“Screening measurements using a NaCl aerosol revealed that the penetration of the AM-P95 product was significantly lower than that of a variety of conventional P95 products that were also tested.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In all cases there was no statistical difference between MS2 physical penetration and NaCl physical penetration.
“In all cases there was no statistical difference between MS2 PEN P and NaCl PEN (Table III).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No spore aerosol particles were detected downstream of the conventional P100 FFR.
“It was not possible to detect any spore aerosol particles downstream of the conventional P100 FFR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The penetration of the N95 respirator is half that of the AM-N95 product.
“In this case, the penetration of the N95 respirator is half that of the AM-N95 product.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
For the conventional N95, AM-N95, and AM-P95 FFRs, PEN P values measured against the spore aerosol were at least a factor of two or more lower than the PEN P values measured against either NaCl or MS2.
“For the conventional N95, AM-N95, and AM-P95 FFRs, PEN P values measured against the spore aerosol were at least a factor of two or more lower than the PEN P values measured against either NaCl or MS2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
MS2 physical penetration values are very similar to their corresponding NaCl physical penetration for each FFR.
“Results indicated that MS2 PEN P values are very similar to their corresponding NaCl PEN for each FFR (Table III).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The quality factor values for the four FFRs tested are all statistically different from each other (p < 0.001).
“Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the values are all statistically different from each other (p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
For the conventional N95, AM-N95, and AM-P95 FFRs, PEN P values measured against the vegetative bacteria were similar to their corresponding PEN P values for spores, as expected due to the similar size of the bacteria and spores (~1 μm).
“For the conventional N95, AM-N95, and AM-P95 FFRs, PEN P values measured against the vegetative bacteria were similar to their corresponding PEN P values for spores, as expected due to the similar size of the bacteria and spores (∼1 µm).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For both AM-FFRs, spore PEN V values were greater than their PEN P values (LIVs < 0).
“The PEN V values for both AM-FFRs were greater than their PEN P values (LIVs < 0)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
No PEN V value was detected for the conventional P100 FFR against bacteria.
“Consistent with its PEN P measurement, no PEN V value was detected for the conventional P100 FFR.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For both models of antimicrobial-treated FFRs, there were no statistical differences between PEN V and PEN P for any of the three different bioaerosol challenges.
“For both models of antimicrobial-treated FFRs, there were no statistical differences between PEN V and PEN P for any of the three different bioaerosol challenges”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This testing revealed the AM-P95's LIV to be -0.5 (with a PEN V of 0.032%).
“However, this testing revealed its LIV to be -0.5 (with a PEN V of 0.032%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In this study, the conventional P100's LIV for MS2 virus was 1.
“For example, in this study the conventional P100's LIV for MS2 virus was 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For the conventional FFRs, up to a 1-log reduction in PEN V in comparison to PEN P could be observed due to the inherent variability in viable bioaerosol filtration measurements.
“For the conventional FFRs, it was observed that up to a 1-log reduction in PEN V in comparison to PEN P could be observed due to the inherent variability in viable bioaerosol filtration measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The AM-P95's bacteria PEN V was greater than its PEN P (LIV < 0).
“The AM-P95's PEN V was greater than its PEN P (LIV < 0).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The up to 1-log reduction in viable penetration compared with physical penetration for conventional FFRs was attributed to experimental variability of the test system.
“and attributed to the experimental variability of the test system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
FDA-cleared surgical masks and FFRs are required to be certified using ASTM F2101-07 for Bacterial Filtration Efficiency.
“FDA-cleared surgical masks and FFRs are required to be certified using ASTM F2101-07 for Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE).(4)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
No bioaerosol filtration enhancement over conventional FFRs was detected for either iodine-based antimicrobial-treated FFR.
“Thus, no bioaerosol filtration enhancement over the conventional FFRs was detected for either iodine-based AM-FFR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
For all three bioaerosols, viable concentrations in nebulizer solutions typically did not change significantly from their initial values over each test period.
“For all three bioaerosols, nebulizer solutions were assayed for viability at the end of each test period, and it was observed that viable concentrations typically did not change significantly from their initial values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The antimicrobial FFRs' iodine treatments did not appear to provide any enhancement in relative physical filtration performance over that of either conventional FFR.
“Thus, the AM FFRs' iodine treatments did not appear to provide any enhancement in relative physical filtration performance (i.e., QF) over that of either conventional FFR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Any reduction in PEN V below PEN P for the AM-N95 was within experimental variability.
“indicating that any reduction in PEN V below PEN P was within experimental variability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The higher capture efficiency for spores is due to the larger size of the spore particles (~1 μm) compared with the NaCl and MS2 aerosols, resulting in an increase in the corresponding QFs for all the FFRs.
“This higher capture efficiency is due to the larger size of the spore particles (∼ 1 µm) compared with the NaCl and MS2 aerosols, resulting in an increase in the corresponding QFs for all the FFRs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The physical filtration of MS2 by both conventional FFRs and antimicrobial-treated FFRs was equivalent to that of NaCl.
“Thus, the physical filtration of MS2 by both conventional FFRs and AM FFRs was equivalent to that of NaCl.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
NaCl particles cover the same size range observed for the MS2 virus, which permits a direct comparison between the physical penetration of the inert and viable aerosols.
“Second, the NaCl particles cover the same size range observed for the MS2 virus shown in Figure 2, (19) which permits a direct comparison between the physical penetration of the inert and viable aerosols.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] source
- Premisecitation
Temperature, relative humidity, and composition of the nebulizer solution may affect the airborne viability of each microorganism in a unique and potentially non-linear fashion.
“Temperature, relative humidity (RH), and composition of the nebulizer solution may also affect the airborne viability of each microorganism in a unique and potentially non-linear fashion.(6)(7)(8)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
These antimicrobial FFRs achieve their filtration efficiency at the expense of an elevated pressure drop compared with conventional FFRs.
“The practical implication of these results is that these antimicrobial FFRs achieve their filtration efficiency at the expense of an elevated pressure drop compared with conventional FFRs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Viable penetration also depends on the bioaerosol's residence time, the time during which desiccation and oxidation occur.
“viable penetration (PEN V ) also depends on the bioaerosol's residence time (i.e., the actual amount of time the microorganism is airborne), as this is the time period during which desiccation and oxidation occur.(6)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
- Interpretationown data
Whatever advantage an antimicrobial-treated FFR offers with regard to filtration rests entirely on its ability to disinfect the viable bioaerosols that penetrate through the filter.
“Whatever advantage an antimicrobial-treated FFR offers with regard to filtration rests entirely on its ability to disinfect the viable bioaerosols that penetrate through the filter.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
No significant antimicrobial effect was detected for the AM-N95.
“Therefore, no significant antimicrobial effect was detected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The conventional N95's relative filtration performance was superior to the AM-N95 in the spore particle size range.
“indicating the N95's relative filtration performance was superior to the AM-N95 in this particle size range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The nonzero LIVs for both conventional FFRs are attributable to intrinsic experimental variability associated with PEN V measurements (plate counting errors and virus inactivation during aerosolization and sampling).
“However, due to the intrinsic experimental variability associated with PEN V measurements (e.g., plate counting errors and virus inactivation during the aerosolization and the sampling processes (6,7) ) it was not surprising that the LIV for both conventional FFRs were not equal to zero.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] source
- cites [7] Cox C. S., 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
No antimicrobial effect was detected for the AM-P95.
“indicating that an antimicrobial effect was also not detected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Because AGI-30 collection efficiency would appear in both the numerator and denominator of Eq. 4, it cancels out and has no effect on penetration results.
“given that E would appear in both the numerator and denominator of Eq. 4, it will cancel out and thus have no effect on PEN results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The inherent variability of these types of measurements makes it possible to measure LIVs > 0 for even conventional filters.
“The inherent variability of these types of measurements makes it possible to measure LIVs > 0 for even conventional filters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
According to the theory of filtration with fibrous filters, penetration is expected to decrease continuously for particle sizes above the peak penetration value.
“Although no testing was done with inert particles larger than 400 nm, according to the theory of filtration with fibrous filters (30) penetration is expected to decrease continuously for particle sizes above the peak penetration value.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] source
- Interpretationreasoning
For the AM-P95 to have had a demonstrable air sanitizing effect, its total LIV would be 4 or greater (corresponding to a PEN V < 1 × 10^-6 %).
“For the AM-P95 to have had a demonstrable air sanitizing effect, its total LIV would be 4 or greater (corresponding to a PEN V < 1 × 10 -6 %).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Any enhancement in viable bioaerosol filtration that might potentially be found for an AM-FFR above its NIOSH approval rating would not be expected to provide protection above that of any conventional FFR.
“Therefore, any enhancement in viable bioaerosol filtration that might potentially be found for an AM-FFR above its NIOSH approval rating would not be expected to provide protection above that of any conventional FFR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The iodine-based antimicrobial treatment did not provide any detectable level of air disinfection or filtration enhancement over the conventional FFRs.
“indicating that the iodine-based antimicrobial treatment did not provide any detectable level of air disinfection or filtration enhancement over the conventional FFRs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
EPA requires air sanitizers to show a viable count reduction of at least 99.9% (i.e., LIV > 3) over the parallel untreated control for each test organism.
“These devices must show a viable count reduction of at least 99.9% (i.e., LIV > 3) over the parallel untreated control for each test organism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The AM treatments did not provide any reduction in the viability of the penetrating B. atrophaeus spore aerosols.
“indicating that their AM treatments did not provide any reduction in the viability of the penetrating B. atrophaeus spore aerosols.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
No statistically discernible enhancement in viable filtration efficiency of the AM-N95 and AM-P95 FFRs resulted from their iodine-based antimicrobial treatments across the spore, MS2, and bacteria bioaerosols.
“Thus, as with the spore and MS2 bioaerosols, no statistically discernable enhancement in viable filtration efficiency of the AM-N95 and AM-P95 FFRs resulted from their iodine-based antimicrobial treatments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
For an AM-FFR to have an air sanitizing effect against a particular bioaerosol, its LIV would be 3 or more than its comparable conventional FFR.
“It follows that for an AM-FFR to have an air sanitizing effect against a particular bioaerosol, its LIV would be 3 or more than its comparable conventional FFR, especially when considering the inherent experimental variability associated with PEN V testing described above.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Visually extrapolating the NaCl curve for the N95 FFR to a particle size of 1000 nm yields penetrations of inert particles that are similar to those measured for the vegetative spores and bacteria.
“Indeed, visually extrapolating the NaCl curve for the N95 FFR to a particle size of 1000 nm yields penetrations of inert particles that are similar to those measured for the vegetative spores and bacteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The NaCl aerosol is a good predictor of the filtration efficiency against MS2.
“Based on this observation it is clear that the NaCl aerosol is a good predictor of the filtration efficiency against MS2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
- May combine two claims. 26
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationB. atrophaeus spores are approximately 0.7 μm in diameter and 1.8 μm in length in the dried state.
“Spores are approximately 0.7 µm in diameter and 1.8 µm in length in the dried state, (15)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationB. atrophaeus bacteria and spores are frequently used as simulants for B. anthracis in aerosol testing.
“B. atrophaeus bacteria and spores are frequently used as simulants for B. anthracis in aerosol testing.(12,13)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] source
The Abstract says some B. atrophaeus strains are used extensively as nonpathogenic surrogates for B. anthracis in biodefense research and testing. A cited reference concerns aerosolized B. globigii spores, but the paper does not specifically say their frequent use is in aerosol testing. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [13] source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor spore aerosol, the conventional N95's PEN P was a factor of 20 less than the AM-N95's, and its QF was 40% greater.
“The N95's spore PEN P was a factor of 20 less than the AM-N95's, and its QF was 40% greater”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the conventional N95 and AM-N95 FFRs, average PEN V values were greater when the iodine neutralizer was present, but the differences were not statistically significant (p=0.28 and 0.39, respectively).
“Although the average PEN V values shown in Table IV were greater when the iodine neutralizer was present, these differences were not significant (p-values for the conventional N95 and AM-N95 were 0.28 and 0.39, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNaCl aerosol penetrations ranged from 4.55% for the AM-N95 to 0.003% for the P100, and pressure drops ranged from 6.9 mm H2O for the N95 and AM-N95 to 23.8 mm H2O for the AM-P95.
“Penetrations range from 4.55% (for the AM-N95) to 0.003% (for the P100), and pressure drops range from 6.9 (N95 and AM-N95) to 23.8 mm H 2 O (AM-P95).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the AM-N95 FFR, PEN V was less than PEN P (LIV > 0), but this difference was not statistically significant.
“The AM-N95's PEN V was less than its PEN P (LIV > 0), but this difference was not statistically significant”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNeither of the expected results (PEN V significantly lower than PEN P, LIVs significantly larger than conventional FFRs) was observed.
“Neither of these results was observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the conventional N95 and AM-N95, filtration performance (PEN P and QF) was very comparable for NaCl and MS2, but quite different for spore testing.
“Although the filtration performance (i.e., PEN P and QF) of the conventional N95 and AM-N95 were very comparable for NaCl and MS2 virus filter testing described above, they were quite different for spore testing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the AM-N95, bacteria PEN V and PEN P were not statistically different, and although the LIV was > 0, it was significantly less than that of the conventional N95's LIV.
“For the AM-N95, PEN V and PEN P were not statistically different, and although the LIV was > 0, it was significantly less than that of the conventional N95's LIV.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe conventional N95's filtration efficiency against spores was very high (PEN V = 0.03%), approaching HEPA performance, and although PEN V was < PEN P (LIV = 0.4), this difference was not statistically significant.
“The conventional N95's filtration efficiency was very high against spores (PEN V = 0.03%), approaching HEPA performance, and although PEN V was < PEN P (LIV = 0.4), this difference was not statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the conventional N95, bacteria PEN V was < PEN P (LIV > 0), but this difference was again not statistically significant.
“As with spores, the N95's PEN V for bacteria was < PEN P (LIV > 0), but this difference was again not statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe antimicrobial-treated P95 contained a greater amount of filter media than a typical P95 or N95 FFR and a correspondingly higher breathing resistance.
“It was also noted that the antimicrobial-treated P95 contained a greater amount of filter media than a typical P95 or N95 FFR and a correspondingly higher breathing resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataSimilar to spore testing, there was no detectable PEN P for the conventional P100 FFR against vegetative bacteria.
“Similar to spore testing, there was no detectable PEN P for the conventional P100 FFR.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe PEN of the antimicrobial-treated P95 was almost as low as a conventional P100, but its relative filtration performance (quality factor) was significantly lower.
“It was observed that the PEN of the antimicrobial-treated P95 was almost as low as a conventional P100, but its relative filtration performance (i.e., quality factor) was significantly lower.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor both conventional and antimicrobial FFRs, PEN measured using NaCl was consistent with the PEN P of the MS2 virus over the equivalent particle size regime, and spores and bacteria aerosols were also filtered similarly to the inert aerosol.
“For both conventional and antimicrobial FFRs, PEN measured using NaCl was consistent with the PEN P of the MS2 virus over the equivalent particle size regime, and it was observed that spores and bacteria aerosols were also filtered similarly to the inert aerosol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe conventional P100's spore PEN V was quite low (1 × 10^-4 %), but because its PEN P was not detectable, it is not possible to draw direct comparisons or calculate LIV.
“The conventional P100's PEN V was quite low (1 × 10 -4 %), but because its PEN P was not detectable, it is not possible to draw direct comparisons or calculate LIV.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe highest quality factor value was for the P100 filter, meaning that relative to the other FFRs it achieves an average penetration of 0.003% at the lowest cost of pressure drop.
“The highest QF value (i.e., best performance) was for the P100 filter, which means that relative to the other FFRs, it achieves an average penetration of 0.003% at the lowest cost of pressure drop.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMS2 is a single-stranded RNA virus whose host organism is E. coli bacteria.
“MS2 is a single-stranded RNA virus whose host organism is E. coli bacteria.(9)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe filter testing system and operating protocols used in this study were based closely on those established for testing of traditional inert polydisperse aerosols.
“The filter testing system and operating protocols used in this study were based closely on those established for testing of traditional inert (non-biological) polydisperse aerosols.(19)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe difference in quality factor values for the N95 and AM-N95 is entirely attributable to difference in penetration, since the breathing resistances are the same.
“The difference in the QF values for the N95 and AM-N95 is entirely attributable to difference in penetration, since the breathing resistances are the same.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationViable MS2 virions are present in aerosol particles from 25 to 407 nm in diameter.
“It has been observed that viable MS2 virions are present in aerosol particles from 25 to 407 nm in diameter.(20)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationB. atrophaeus spores have an average aerodynamic diameter reported to range from approximately 0.8-1.1 μm.
“with an average aerodynamic diameter reported to range from approximately 0.8-1.1 µm.(14,16,17)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationB. atrophaeus vegetative cells have an average aerodynamic diameter reported to be approximately 1.0-1.2 μm with a fairly broad size distribution of 0.5-1.5 μm that may evolve over time.
“Its average aerodynamic diameter has been reported to be approximately 1.0-1.2µm with a fairly broad size distribution (0.5-1.5 µm) that may evolve over time, possibly due to experimental and biological variability.(14)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataFor the conventional N95 and the AM-N95 products, the pressure drops are the same, so their penetration values can be compared directly.
“For the case of the conventional N95 and the AM-N95 products, the pressure drops are the same, so the penetration values in Table III can be compared directly.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationB. atrophaeus vegetative state usually occurs as a single rod-like cell 0.7-0.8 μm in diameter and 2-3 μm in length.
“Its vegetative state usually occurs as a single rod-like cell 0.7-0.8µm in diameter and 2-3 µm in length.(10,13)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] Madigan M. T., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [13] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAn individual MS2 virion is nearly spherical with an average diameter of about 28 nm, making it one of the smallest viruses.
“An individual MS2 virion is nearly spherical with an average diameter ∼28 nm, making it one of the smallest viruses.(10,11)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] Madigan M. T., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [11] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPhysical penetration for both inert and biological aerosols depends primarily on face velocity.
“although physical penetration (PEN P ) for both types of aerosols depends primarily on face velocity, (5)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Hinds W. C., 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIdeally, viable penetration of an empty chamber should be 100%, but depending on testing conditions and microorganism hardiness, this value may be significantly less than 100%.
“Ideally, PEN V of an empty chamber should be 100% (i.e., CF V = 1), as no bioaerosol should be filtered without a respirator in place, but depending on the testing conditions (e.g., temperature, RH, residence time, and so on) and the hardiness of the microorganism, this value may be significantly less than 100%.(7)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Cox C. S., 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationASTM F2101-07 is limited to bacterial aerosols approximately 3 μm in diameter and filtration efficiency measurements below 99.9%.
“However, this test method is limited to bacterial aerosols approximately 3 µm in diameter and filtration efficiency measurements <99.9%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenIf the iodine treatments of the AM-FFRs had an effect on reducing the viability of the penetrating MS2 virus, the respective PEN V values would be significantly lower than their PEN P values, and their LIVs would be significantly larger than those of the conventional FFRs.
“If the iodine treatments of the AM-FFRs had an effect on reducing the viability of the penetrating MS2 virus, the respective PEN V values would be significantly lower than their PEN P values, and their LIVs would be significantly larger than those of the conventional FFRs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe APS 3321 has a minimum particle concentration limit of 10^-3 particles/cm3 and a maximum recommended particle concentration limit of 10^3 particles/cm3, so the lowest PEN measurable by the APS is 1 × 10^-4 %.
“Per manufacturer's specifications, the APS 3321 has a minimum particle concentration limit of 10 -3 particles/cm 3 and a maximum recommended particle concentration limit of 10 3 particles/cm 3 .(29) Therefore, the lowest PEN measurable by the APS is 1 × 10 -4 %.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] TSI, Inc., 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe OSHA-assigned protection factor (APF) for all negative pressure air-purifying half-facepiece respirators, regardless of NIOSH filter certification rating, is 10, which equates to a 90% reduction in exposure for a properly fit FFR.
“The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-assigned protection factor (APF) for all negative pressure air-purifying half-facepiece respirators (FFRs and reusable), regardless of NIOSH filter certification rating, is 10, which equates to a 90% reduction in exposure for a properly fit FFR.(34)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] 2005, Code of Federal Regulations Title 29, Part 1910.134
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningAssuming the conventional P100's spore PEN P was near the APS's detection limit (1 × 10^-4 %), PEN V and PEN P would be of consistent orders of magnitude, as one would predict for a conventional FFR.
“Assuming its PEN P was near the APS's detection limit (1 × 10 -4 %), PEN V and PEN P would be of consistent orders of magnitude, as one would predict for a conventional FFR.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The conventional P100's spore PEN P was near the APS's detection limit (1 × 10^-4 %).
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningExtrapolating the P100's PEN vs. particle size curve to approximately 1 μm predicts PEN P < 1 × 10^-4 %, which is consistent with the APS's failure to detect any spore aerosol downstream of the P100 FFR.
“Extrapolating the P100's PEN vs. particle size curve (Figure 3) to approximately 1 µm predicts PEN P < 1 × 10 -4 %, which is consistent with the APS's failure to detect any spore aerosol downstream of the P100 FFR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationN100 and P100 FFR products are offered primarily to meet OSHA's Substance Specific Standards, and despite higher filtration efficiencies they are also limited to an APF of 10.
“While there do exist FFR products with high filtration efficiency (i.e., N100 and P100), they are offered primarily to meet the requirements of OSHA's Substance Specific Standards.(34) In spite of their higher filtration efficiencies they are also limited to an APF of 10.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] 2005, Code of Federal Regulations Title 29, Part 1910.134
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are currently no standard test methods set forth by regulatory institutions or standards organizations to quantify the effectiveness of an antimicrobial-treated FFR for inactivating microorganisms that penetrate through its filter and remain airborne.
“there are currently no standard test methods set forth by regulatory institutions or standards organizations (e.g., NIOSH, Food & Drug Administration [FDA], Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], ASTM International) to quantify the effectiveness of an AM-FFR for inactivating microorganisms that penetrate through its filter and remain airborne.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bioaerosols consist of solid or water-based particles for which NaCl is an appropriate surrogate.
“And, third, bioaerosols consist of solid or water-based particles for which NaCl is an appropriate surrogate.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For conventional FFRs, physical penetration and viable penetration are expected to be the same.
“For the conventional FFRs, one would expect these values to be the same; however, given the difference in the methods for detecting the particles that penetrate through the filters (i.e., plaque assay vs. particle counting), it was deemed prudent to verify that assumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The particle size of approximately 3 µm is well outside the range of the most penetrating particle size of modern respirators.
“That particle size is well outside the range of the most penetrating particle size of modern respirators.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For conventional FFRs without antimicrobial treatment, PEN V and PEN P are expected to be equal (LIV = 0).
“Because neither conventional FFR had any antimicrobial treatment, each of their PEN V and PEN P values was expected to be equal (LIV = 0).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The conventional P100's spore PEN P was near the APS's detection limit (1 × 10^-4 %).
“Assuming its PEN P was near the APS's detection limit (1 × 10 -4 %)”
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Comparison of Five Bacteriophages as Models for Viral Aerosol Studies
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“Scientific efforts have been focused on treatment of filters with materials possessing well-known antimicrobial properties, such as iodine, chlorine and metals [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] , although with limited effectiveness against virus aerosols [26] [27] [28] .”
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“has been conducted on facemasks with integrated antimicrobial technology, and the FDA has cleared a few antimicrobial FFRs.(16,62,63) Research has also examined the efficacy of chemical and energetic methods to decontaminate FFRs.”
Viable Viral Efficiency of N95 and P100 Respirator Filters at Constant and Cyclic Flow
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Size-Resolved Penetration of Filtering Materials from CE-Marked Filtering Facepiece Respirators
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“…particle size (MPPS) and to examine whether biological aerosols were collected in a similar manner to inert aerosols of the same particle size distribution (Eninger et al. , 2008; Lee et al. , 2008; Rengasamy et al. , 2010; Lore et al. , 2012; Zuo et al. , 2013; Rengasamy et al. , 2014).”
Steinberg, B. E., Aoyama, K., McVey, M. J., Levin, D. N., Siddiqui, A. A., Munshey, F., Goldenberg, N. M., Faraoni, D., & Maynes, J. T. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-020-01770-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Enhanced Medical and Community Face Masks with Antimicrobial Properties: A Systematic Review
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“…laboratory pathogen of: inoculation/ available strains incubation antimicrobial used to investigate the test system FFRs [ 17,18,21, 16 24] ], antimicrobial , all bioaerosol other effi-cacy studies proposed novel antimicrobial challenge [16,19,20,25,27,30 systems 31] or both [ 17– [22 32 ,23 ].”
BackgroundArora, S., & Majumdar, A. (2022) · Journal of Industrial Textiles · doi:10.1177/15280837211069869 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Several other researchers also have exploited the bactericidal effect of iodine to decontaminate the mask surface as well as disinfect the air passing through it.(40,139,140) Ansell Healthcare’s Gammex® A400 mask also contains a fabric layer with iodine infused in it for controlled delivery and dosage of iodine releas…”
BackgroundExploring innovations in antimicrobial protective mask filters: A review
Ezeh, O. V., Ternero-Hidalgo, J. J., LINTAG, R. M. N., Han, W., & Yeung, K. L. (2025) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2025.103635 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reusing and/or reprocessing the N95 face respirator mask or equivalent: An integrative review
Gir, E., Menegüeti, M. G., Sousa, L. R. M., Pereira-Caldeira, N. M. V., de Carvalho, M. J., & Reis, R. K. (2021) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.5135.3492 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Zuo, Z., Kuehn, T. H., & Pui, D. Y. H. (2015) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1093/annhyg/mev019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“particle size distribution, environmental conditions (Lore et al., 2012), and composition of the nebulizer suspension (Zuo et al.”
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“For example, filter penetration measurements of various NIOSH-approved respirators with both inert particles and bioaerosols found that for particles of the same size, the filtration performance was not affected by the type of particle [5].”
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“Other studies that also lacked appropriate controls reported no difference in the performance between conventional and iodine-treated FFRs for penetrating bioaerosols (Eninger et al. 2008; Lore et al. 2012).”
Penetration through the staple punctures on five N95 respirator models
Medina, D. E. (2014) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Measurement and Filtration of Virus Aerosols
Zuo, Z. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
- Authors
- Lore, M. B., Sebastian, J. M., Brown, T. L., Viner, A. S., McCullough, N. V., & Hinrichs, S. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- 3M (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Sebastian, John M.
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 69-80
- ISSN
- 1545-9624 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-9632
- OpenAlex
- W1971334678
- Semantic Scholar
- 7e94f0ec61b0120d3b2f790fd90cbf7ce1c9f955
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Aerosol Filtration and Electrostatic Precipitation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- filtering facepiece respirators, N95 respirators, iodine therapy, bacteriophage MS2, Bacillus atrophaeus spores
- MeSH terms
- Aerosols, Anti-Infective Agents, Filtration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S., Particle Size, Respiratory Protective Devices, Sodium Chloride, Spores, Bacterial, United States, Occupational Health, Levivirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
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