Self-focused attention and mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based treatment
Abstract
The empirical literature provides increasing support for the efficacy of mindfulness training in the treatment of numerous problems and disorders. However, fewer studies have examined the mechanisms through which these beneficial outcomes are obtained. This article summarizes recent research examining three primary questions related to the mechanisms underlying mindfulness-based treatments: do people who practice mindfulness learn to be more mindful of the experiences of daily life? Is an increased general tendency to be mindful related to reduced symptoms and increased well-being? If so, then what psychological processes account for the beneficial effects of increased mindfulness? Recent studies suggest that the practice of mindfulness develops the ability to observe and describe present-moment experiences nonjudgmentally and nonreactively and to participate with awareness in ongoing activity. Increased mindfulness, in turn, appears to mediate improvement in psychological functioning, probably by cultivating an adaptive form of self-focused attention that reduces rumination and emotional avoidance and improves behavioral self-regulation.
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Proposed mechanisms for the beneficial effects of mindfulness on mental wellbeing include increase in emotion regulation, attention regulation, decentering, reperceiving, and body awareness.
“These include an increase in emotion regulation (Garland et al., 2011; Desrosiers et al., 2013; Roemer et al., 2015; Watford and Stafford, 2015; Alkoby et al., 2018), attention regulation (Shapiro et al., 2006), decentering (Fresco et al., 2007), reperceiving (Shapiro et al., 2006), and body awareness (Hölzel et al., 2011).”
From Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Increases Mental Wellbeing and Emotion Regulation During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synchronous Online Intervention Study (2021) · cites this paper as Baer, 2009
Significant correlations between all tested variables (mindfulness, mental wellbeing, emotion regulation, and intolerance of uncertainty) were found at T1.
“As hypothesized, significant correlations between all tested variables were found, which is in line with previous reports (Baer, 2009; Alkoby et al., 2018; Papenfuss et al., 2021).”
From Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Increases Mental Wellbeing and Emotion Regulation During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synchronous Online Intervention Study (2021) · cites this paper as Baer, 2009
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Meditators Probably Show Increased Behaviour-Monitoring Related Neural Activity
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Low-Intensity Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Pilot Study
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A Review of Mindfulness and Social Media Excessive Use
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- Authors
- Baer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baer, Ruth A.
- ORCID
- Baer, Ruth A.
- Venue
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- 15-20
- ISSN
- 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
- 1651-2316
- OpenAlex
- W2035400281
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness, self-focus, mechanisms of change, mindfulness-based interventions, rumination, emotional avoidance, behavioral self-regulation, non-judgmental awareness, well-being, symptom relief
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Attitude, Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Group, Self-Assessment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Meditation
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