The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples
Abstract
Two studies were conducted investigating the relationship between the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scales and well-being measures in British (N = 179) and Russian (N = 289) student samples. On the basis of person-oriented approach, a cluster-analysis operationalization of Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) using ZTPI was proposed and validated, demonstrating more evidence for its validity than the previously suggested cut-off-point approach. Four distinct time perspective patterns were discovered in both samples: future-oriented, present-oriented, balanced and negative. The clusters revealed significant differences in well-being, with members of the BTP cluster demonstrating the highest scores in both samples. The relationship between ZTPI and Temporal Life Satisfaction Scale in the British sample was found to be non-uniform for past, present and future. Based on these findings, a distinction between three aspects of time perspective is theoretically proposed, and its implications for the future development of the ZTPI are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In comparison, future-oriented people tend to feel a little bit less happy in life than other time perspectives, but they paradoxically suffer less anxiety and depression, are more optimistic, and have both more positive and less negative affect than less future-oriented individuals [78–81].”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [79]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652
Everitt, B. J., Landau, S., & Leese, M. (1974) · Cited by 9,186
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,158
Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences
Stevens, J. P., & Stevens, J. P. (2001) · doi:10.4324/9781410604491 · Cited by 4,993
A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006824100041 · Cited by 4,071
Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 · Cited by 3,322 · cited 1×
“In addition, all of the above studies utilized measures of hedonic well-being, which is centred on maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain, namely, subjective happiness, affectivity measures and satisfaction with life, which also largely reflects hedonic well-being (Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002 ; Vitterso,…”
BackgroundA hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931
Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271 · Cited by 2,520
Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2015) · Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_2 · Cited by 2,147
The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior.
Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742 · Cited by 1,782
The attributional Style Questionnaire
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L., Metalsky, G., & Seligman, M. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173577 · Cited by 1,226
Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176 · Cited by 1,221
Processes in Delay of Gratification
Mischel, W. (1974) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60039-8 · Cited by 822
Who's Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834ba210207 · Cited by 813
Impact of Culture on Human Resource Management Practices: A 10‐Country Comparison
Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A. (2000) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00010 · Cited by 786
Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00113-x · Cited by 691
International Journal of Psychology
(2020) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003059738 · Cited by 633
Life goals and well-being : towards a positive psychology of human striving
Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. M. (2001) · Cited by 562
Anxiety, depression, and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences.
MacLeod, A. K., & Byrne, A. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.286 · Cited by 449
Using the Past to Enhance the Present: Boosting Happiness Through Positive Reminiscence
Bryant, F. B., Smart, C. M., & King, S. P. (2005) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-005-3889-4 · Cited by 441
Time and Human Interaction: Toward a Social Psychology of Time
Melbin, M., McGrath, J. E., & Kelley, J. R. (1987) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071593 · Cited by 430
An Inventory for the Measurement of Self-Actualization
Shostrom, E. L. (1964) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446402400203 · Cited by 389
Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x07086304 · Cited by 372
Some correlates of structure and purpose in the use of time.
Bond, M. J., & Feather, N. T. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.321 · Cited by 366
The Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale
Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_11 · Cited by 356
The Social psychology of time: new perspectives
(1988) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-2406 · Cited by 323
Future anxiety: Concept, measurement, and preliminary research
Zaleski, Z. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00070-0 · Cited by 319
Nowlis, V., Wessman, A. E., & Ricks, D. F. (1967) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420560 · Cited by 318
The Person Approach: Concepts, Measurement Models, and Research Strategy
Magnusson, D. (2003) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.79 · Cited by 312
Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004) · Positive Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1002/9780470939338.ch10 · Cited by 300
Self-citationPersonal Orientation Inventory
Shostrom, E. L. (1996) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t05455-000 · Cited by 293
Time perspective and early-onset substance use: A model based on stress–coping theory.
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.15.2.118 · Cited by 277
Time Use Research in the Social Sciences
Pentland, W. E., Harvey, A. S., Lawton, M. P., & McColl, M. A. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/b107540 · Cited by 255
The Effect Of Individual Perceptions of Deadlines on Team Performance
Waller, M. J., Conte, J. M., Gibson, C. B., & Carpenter, M. A. (2001) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2001.5393894 · Cited by 251
Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch13 · Cited by 229
Self-citationA Holistic View of Personality: A Model Revisited
Magnusson, D., & Törestad, B. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002235 · Cited by 226
Present versus future time perspective and HIV risk among heterosexual college students.
Rothspan, S., & Read, S. J. (1996) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.15.2.131 · Cited by 201
Time Perspective, Health, and Risk Taking
Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613516-13 · Cited by 193
Present versus future time perspective and HIV risk among heterosexual college students.
Rothspan, S., & Read, S. J. (1996) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.15.2.131 · Cited by 192
Lifetime Trauma, Emotional Support, and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults
KRAUSE, N. M. (2004) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/44.5.615 · Cited by 181
The Importance of Future Time Perspective in Theories of Work Motivation
Seijts, G. (1998) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989809599156 · Cited by 175
The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR)
Li, A., & Bagger, J. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406292087 · Cited by 175
Future Time Perspective and Motivation
NUTTIN, J. R. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315802244 · Cited by 165
Mello, Z. R., & Worrell, F. C. (2006) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.1177/016235320602900302 · Cited by 161
Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406296985 · Cited by 153
A Holistic View of Personality: A Model Revisited
Magnusson, D. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.44.1.427 · Cited by 149
Time orientation in delinquents.
Barndt, R. J., & Johnson, D. M. (1955) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048130 · Cited by 147
Measurement of Perceived Self-Efficacy
Scwarzer, R. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 139
The Dimensions of Future Time Perspective, an Experimental Analysis
Kastenbaum, R. (1961) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1961.9920473 · Cited by 137
Validation française de l'échelle de temporalité
Apostolidis, T., & Fieulaine, N. (2004) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2004.03.001 · Cited by 136
Vittersø, J., & Søholt, Y. (2011) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2011.584548 · Cited by 119
The Personal Experience of Time
Gorman, B. S., & Wessman, A. E. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4163-5 · Cited by 106
Vittersø, J., Oelmann, H., & Wang, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9058-1 · Cited by 103
Time imagery and the achievement motive1
Knapp, R. H., & Garbutt, J. T. (1958) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1958.tb01597.x · Cited by 98
Demographic, developmental, and personality correlates of length of future time perspective (FTP)1
Lessing, E. E. (1968) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1968.tb01468.x · Cited by 90
Future Time Perspective and Motivation
Lens, W., & Seginer, R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.24098-1 · Cited by 86
Relation between ego identity and temporal perspective.
Rappaport, H., Enrich, K., & Wilson, A. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1609 · Cited by 86
[Factorial structure and reliability of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory].
Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 82
Optimism, Satisfaction and Time Perspective in the Elderly
Lennings, C. J. (2000) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/06gk-wher-37xc-btry · Cited by 81
Changing time perspective and mental health among Southeast Asian refugees
Beiser, M. (1987) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00048493 · Cited by 75
Time to find the right balance.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. (2003) · Psychologist · Cited by 75
Self-citationProfiles of Time Perspective and Personality: Developmental Considerations
Lennings, C. J., Burns, A. M., & Cooney, G. H. (1998) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989809599294 · Cited by 71
Vittersø, J. (2003) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1024413112234 · Cited by 69
Time congruity in the organization: A proposed quality-of-life framework
Kaufman‐Scarborough, C., Lane, P., & Lindquist, J. D. (1991) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf01013686 · Cited by 69
Boniwell, I. (2005) · International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring · doi:10.1177/174183050500300206 · Cited by 64
Self-citationHarvey, A. S., & Pentland, W. E. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47155-8_1 · Cited by 64
Boniwell, I. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0027 · Cited by 64
Self-citation(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5503 · Cited by 63
Magnusson, D. (1999) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.4.4.205 · Cited by 63
THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SELF-REPORT MEASURE OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Lefrançois, R., Leclerc, G. J., Dubé, M., Hébert, R., & Gaulin, P. (1997) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1997.25.4.353 · Cited by 48
Environmental Continuity, Futurity, and Adaptation of the Aged
KAHANA, E., & Kahana, B. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-599950-2.50019-0 · Cited by 45
Validation française de l'échelle de temporalité : The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)
Apostolidis, T., & Fieulaine, N. (2004) · HAL · Cited by 44
The effects of “hypnosis” on learning and recall: A methodological critique
Barber, T. X. (1965) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196501)21:1 · Cited by 37
Lennings, C. J. (1996) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j020v14n04_05 · Cited by 35
Images, Values, and Concepts of Time in Psychological Research
Gorman, B. S., & Wessman, A. E. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4163-5_7 · Cited by 33
Kazakina, E. (1999) · Cited by 33
A holistic person approach for research on positive development.
Magnusson, D., & Mahoney, J. L. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10566-016 · Cited by 32
Present and correct: we kid ourselves less when we live in the moment
Boyd-Wilson, B. M., Walkey, F. H., & McClure, J. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00183-0 · Cited by 22
Cottle, T. J. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4163-5_5 · Cited by 22
Measuring defensiveness against future anxiety: Telepression
Rappaport, H. (1991) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686781 · Cited by 11
The duration inventory: Subjective extensions of temporal zones
Cottle, T. J. (1969) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(69)90026-2 · Cited by 8
On the Pros and Cons of Delay of Gratification
Funder, D. C. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0903_3 · Cited by 6
Social Desirability in Positive Psychology: Bias or Desirable Sociality?
Осин, Е. Н. (2009) · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- Boniwell I, 2005, International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3, 61
- Boniwell I, 2003, The Psychologist, 16, 129
- Boyd JN, 2005, Understanding behavior in the context of time: Theory, research, and applications, 85
- Cottle TJ, 1977, The personal experience of time, 163
- Crumbaugh JS, 1981, Manual of instructions for the purpose in life test
- Diaz-Morales JF, 2006, Psicothema, 18, 565
- Foret MM, 2004, Poster presented at the 3rd International Positive Psychology Summit, Washington, DC
- Francis-Smythe JA, 1996, An exploration of time personality
- Gordeeva TO, 2009, Diagnostika optimizma kak stilya obyasneniya uspekhov i neudach: Oprosnik STOUN [Optimism as success and failure explanatory style and its assessment: SFESQ questionnaire].
- Lennings CJ, 2000, Journal of Applied Health Behaviour, 2, 40
- Lennings CJ, 1997, Journal of Applied Social Behaviour, 4, 37
- Leontiev DA, 1992, Test smyslozhinennyh orientatsiy (SZhO)
- Lewin K, 1951, Field theory in the social sciences: Selected theoretical papers
- 10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.286 · DOI · Paper page
- Osin EN, 2007, Psikhologicheskaya Diagnostika, 3, 22
- Osin EN, 2009, Understanding positive life: Research and practice on positive psychology, 421
- Osin, E.N. (in press). Problema socialnoy zhelatel'nosti v issledovaniayakh lichnostnogo potenciala [The problem of social desirability in the personality potential research]. In D.A. Leontier (Ed.)Lichnostnyi potencial: struktura i diagnostika[Personality potential: structure and assessment]. Moscow: Smysl
- Schwarzer R, 1996, Inostrannaya psihologiya, 7, 71
- Seginer R, 2003, Culture and human development: The importance of cross-cultural research to the social sciences. Lisse
- Sircova A, 2008, Vozrastnaya dinamika vremennoi perspektivy lichnosti [Developmental dynamics of personality time perspective]
- Sircova A, 2008, International Journal of Psychology, 43, 43
- Sircova A, 2007, Journal of Cultural-Historical Psychology, 4, 18
- Sircova A, 2008, Psihologicheskii zhurnal, 3, 101
- Tov W, 2004, Poster presented at the 3rd International Positive Psychology Summit, Washington
- 10.2307/3560243 · DOI
- Zimbardo PG, 1990, Stanford time perspective inventory manual
- Zimbardo PG, 2002, Psychology Today, 35, 62
- Zuckerman M, 1994, Behavioral expressions and biological bases of sensation seeking
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health
Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001 · Cited by 3,054
Future time perspective: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Kooij, D. T. A. M., Kanfer, R., Betts, M., & Rudolph, C. W. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000306 · Cited by 662
Sircova, A., van de Vijver, F., Osin, E., Milfont, T. L., Fieulaine, N., Kislali-Erginbilgic, A., Zimbardo, P., Djarallah, S., Chorfi, M., Leite, U. D. R., et al. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013515686 · Cited by 438
Self-citationPositive interventions: An emotion regulation perspective.
Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038648 · Cited by 546
Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application
Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & van Beek, W. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2 · Cited by 332
Metadata
- Authors
- Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Alex Linley, P., & Ivanchenko, G. V.
- Affiliations
- University of East London (GB)
- ORCID
- Boniwell, Ilona
- Venue
- The Journal of Positive Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-40
- ISSN
- 1743-9760 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9779
- OpenAlex
- W2107641483
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 14.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Positive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- time perspective, balanced time perspective, well-being, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, person-oriented approach, clustering, cross-cultural comparison, future orientation, present orientation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review