Intact first- and second-order false belief reasoning in a patient with severely impaired grammar
Abstract
The retention of first-order theory of mind (ToM) despite severe loss of grammar has been reported in two patients with left hemisphere brain damage (Varley & Siegal, 2000 Varley, R. and Siegal, M. 2000. Evidence for cognition without grammar from causal reasoning and “theory of mind” in an agrammatic aphasic patient. Current Biology, 10: 723–726. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Varley, Siegal, & Want, 2001 Varley, R., Siegal, M. and Want, S. C. 2001. Severe impairment in grammar does not preclude theory of mind. Neurocase, 7: 489–493. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We report a third, and more detailed, case study. Patient PH shows significant general language impairment, and severe grammatical impairment similar to that reported in previous studies. In addition we were able to show that PH's impairment extends to grammatical constructions most closely related to ToM in studies of children (embedded complement clauses and relative clauses). Despite this, PH performed almost perfectly on first-order false belief tasks and on a novel nonverbal second-order false belief task. PH was also successful on a novel test of “ToM semantics” that required evaluation of the certainty implied by different mental state terms. The data strongly suggest that grammar is not a necessary source of structure for explicit ToM reasoning in adults, but do not rule out a critical role for “ToM semantics.” In turn this suggests that the relationship observed between grammar and ToM in studies of children is the result of an exclusively developmental process.
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The neuropsychological literature features striking dissociations between deficits in linguistic and nonlinguistic abilities.
“The neuropsychological literature features striking dissociations between deficits in linguistic and nonlinguistic abilities (1–6).”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
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Zerilli, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190067885.002.0007
Zerilli, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190067885.002.0004
Zerilli, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190067885.002.0003
Zerilli, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190067885.002.0005
Dove, G. O. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190061975.002.0003
- Authors
- Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., Carroll, N., Hussain, S., & Humphreys, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Apperly, Ian A.
- Venue
- Social Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 334-348
- ISSN
- 1747-0919 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-0927
- OpenAlex
- W2058676017
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- theory of mind, false belief reasoning, second-order false belief, agrammatic aphasia, relative clauses, left hemisphere damage, language impairment, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Culture, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Photic Stimulation, Semantics, Stroke
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