The human language system, including its inferior frontal component in “Broca’s area,” does not support music perception
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Abstract
Language and music are two human-unique capacities whose relationship remains debated. Some have argued for overlap in processing mechanisms, especially for structure processing. Such claims often concern the inferior frontal component of the language system located within “Broca’s area.” However, others have failed to find overlap. Using a robust individual-subject fMRI approach, we examined the responses of language brain regions to music stimuli, and probed the musical abilities of individuals with severe aphasia. Across 4 experiments, we obtained a clear answer: music perception does not engage the language system, and judgments about music structure are possible even in the presence of severe damage to the language network. In particular, the language regions’ responses to music are generally low, often below the fixation baseline, and never exceed responses elicited by nonmusic auditory conditions, like animal sounds. Furthermore, the language regions are not sensitive to music structure: they show low responses to both intact and structure-scrambled music, and to melodies with vs. without structural violations. Finally, in line with past patient investigations, individuals with aphasia, who cannot judge sentence grammaticality, perform well on melody well-formedness judgments. Thus, the mechanisms that process structure in language do not appear to process music, including music syntax.
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fMRI reveals that the language network responds reliably when people listen to, read, or generate sentences, but not when they perform arithmetic tasks, engage in logical reasoning, understand computer programs, listen to music, categorize objects or events, reason about people's mental states, or process non-verbal communicative information like facial expressions or gestures.
“it responds reliably when people listen to, read, or generate sentences, but not when they perform arithmetic tasks, engage in logical reasoning, understand computer programs, listen to music, categorize objects or events, reason about people’s mental states, or process non-verbal communicative information like facial expressions or gestures [37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48].”
From Dissociating language and thought in large language models (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
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Regev, T. I., Kim, H. S., Chen, X. J., Affourtit, J., Schipper, A. E., Bergen, L., Mahowald, K., & Fedorenko, E. G. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae077 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe (Co)Evolution of Language and Music Under Human Self-Domestication
Benítez‐Burraco, A., & Nikolsky, A. (2023) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-023-09447-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Driving and suppressing the human language network using large language modelsPreprint
Tuckute, G., Sathe, A., Srikant, S., Taliaferro, M., Wang, M., Schrimpf, M., Kay, K., & Fedorenko, E. G. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537080 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeech and music recruit frequency-specific distributed and overlapping cortical networks
Rietmolen, N. T., Mercier, M. R., Trébuchon, A., Morillon, B., & Schön, D. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94509.3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Language Network Reliably “Tracks” Naturalistic Meaningful Nonverbal Stimuli
Sueoka, Y., Paunov, A. M., Ivanova, A. A., Tanner, A., Blank, I., & Fedorenko, E. G. (2024) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00135 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWolna, A., Szewczyk, J., Diaz, M. T., Domagalik, A., Marcin Szwed, A., & Wodniecka, Z. (2023) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00128 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Constructed languages are processed by the same brain mechanisms as natural languages
Malik-Moraleda, S., Taliaferro, M., Shannon, S., Jhingan, N., Swords, S., Peterson, D. J., Frommer, P., Okrand, M., Peterson, J., Cardwell, R. L., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2313473122 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Mehr, S. A. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.05.013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Self-citationSpeech and music recruit frequency-specific distributed and overlapping cortical networks
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Audiovisual integration in the McGurk effect is impervious to music training
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Musical Sophistication and Multilingualism: Effects on Arcuate Fasciculus Characteristics
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Music and developmental disorders of reading and spoken language
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Self-citationSpeech and music recruit frequency-specific distributed and overlapping cortical networksPreprint
Rietmolen, N. T., Mercier, M. R., Trébuchon, A., Morillon, B., & Schön, D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511398 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Principles of music perceptionPreprint
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Evidence from formal logical reasoning reveals that the language of thought is not natural language
Kean, H., Fung, A., Jaggers, P., Chen, J., Rule, J. S., Benn, Y., Tenenbaum, J. B., Piantadosi, S. T., Varley, R. A., & Fedorenko, E. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2520095123 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Syntax and prediction in music and language
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Seeing speech: Neural mechanisms of cued speech perception in prelingually deaf and hearing users
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Tuning the brain: musical expertise modulation on the shared mechanism of language and music
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Editorial: The musical brain, volume II
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A two-dimensional space of linguistic representations shared across individualsPreprint
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Self-citationLanguage Evolution and Music Evolution
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Asymmetrical sequence chunking for auditory and visual domains in the left and right hemispheresPreprint
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Processing Components in Song Attunement
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Broca’s area, responsible for speech production, is regulated by lung function
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Diversity of Rhythm from Oral Speech to Music
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Rhythmic Stimulation of Linguistic Performance: A Common Structure?
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- Authors
- Chen, X., Affourtit, J., Ryskin, R., Regev, T. I., Norman-Haignere, S., Jouravlev, O., Malik-Moraleda, S., Kean, H., Varley, R., & Fedorenko, E.
- Affiliations
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, , Rochester, NY , United States
- Harvard University (US)
- University College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-04-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 7904-7929
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC10505454
- OpenAlex
- W4362507403
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 256
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 7.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Center for the Social Brai
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department
- Paul and Lilah Newton Brain Science Award
- Alzheimer’s Society and The Stroke Association
- La Caixa Fellowship (LCF/BQ/AA17/11610043)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Life Sciences Research Foundation
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (R00HD057522, R01DC016607, R01DC016950, R01NS121471, K99DC018051, F32-DC-015163)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Keywords
- music perception, language system, Broca's area, inferior frontal cortex, aphasia, musical syntax, individual differences, auditory cortex
- MeSH terms
- Aphasia, Brain Mapping, Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Music, Perception, Broca Area
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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