The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice
Open accessAbstract
The effects of a substance use disorder (SUD) are felt by the whole family. The family context holds information about how SUDs develop, are maintained, and what can positively or negatively influence the treatment of the disorder. Family systems theory and attachment theory are theoretical models that provide a framework for understanding how SUDs affect the family. In addition, understanding the current developmental stage a family is in helps inform assessment of impairment and determination of appropriate interventions. SUDs negatively affect emotional and behavioral patterns from the inception of the family, resulting in poor outcomes for the children and adults with SUDs. Social workers can help address SUDs in multiple ways, which are summarized in this article.
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- Interpretationreasoning
When family members receive suitable education and treatment themselves, they can substantially help the person with the disorder recognize the problem and accept treatment.
“When family members have appropriate education and treatment for themselves they can play a significant role in the abusers' recognition of the problem and acceptance of treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Family-based treatments supported by evidence have been shown to outperform treatments delivered to individuals or groups.
“The utilization of evidence-based family approaches has demonstrated superiority over individual or group-based treatments (Baldwin, Christian, Berkeljon, & Shandish, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baldwin, Christian, Berkeljon, & Shandish, 2012 source
- Premisecitation
Carter and McGoldrick identified eight stages in the family life cycle along with matching developmental tasks.
“Carter and McGoldrick (1989) identify eight stages of the family life cycle and corresponding developmental tasks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carter and McGoldrick, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
A parent with a substance use disorder who is intoxicated or preoccupied with obtaining or recovering from substances may fail to seize chances to build healthy attachment.
“A parent with a SUD, who is mood altered, preoccupied with getting high or spending significant amounts of time recovering from the effects of substances, may miss the opportunities to foster healthy attachment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Children whose parents have a substance use disorder face a greater chance of developing such a disorder themselves.
“For children there is also an increased risk of developing an SUD themselves (Zimic & Jakic, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zimic & Jakic, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Research comparing genetic and environmental influences indicates that both contribute to and affect substance use disorder development.
“Studies looking at the relative weight of these influences show that both add contribution and impact (Haber et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Haber et al., 2010 source
- Interpretationnone given
The effect of a substance use disorder on a family differs according to the role and gender of the person with the disorder.
“The impact will vary depending on the role and gender that the individual with the SUD has in the family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Ongoing substance abuse within the family of a client attempting recovery also raises that client's risk of relapse.
“Active substance abuse in the family of a client who is trying to get clean will also put that client at risk for relapse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
When one family member starts to change their behavior, the whole family system is affected.
“When one person in a family begins to change his or her behavior, the change will affect the entire family system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Such undermining behaviors can be understood as efforts to preserve the family system's familiar equilibrium.
“These behaviors can be seen as an attempt to maintain the comfortable equilibrium of the system because as one person changes it upsets the equilibrium of the whole family system including extended family relationships.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
People who grow up in a family with a substance use disorder have a markedly higher risk of developing a substance use disorder because of genetic and environmental factors.
“We know that individuals who grow up in a family where there is an SUD are at significantly higher risk to develop SUDs due to genetic and environmental factors (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Substance use disorders can interfere with these developmental tasks, depending on which family member has the disorder and the stage the family has reached when it appears.
“SUDs can disrupt these developmental tasks depending on who has the SUD and at what developmental stage the family is in when the SUD develops.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Knowing a family's particular developmental stage can assist in evaluating what interventions the family needs.
“Understanding the family's specific developmental stage can help with assessing the interventional needs of a family.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Treatment that targets only the person with active addiction has limited effectiveness.
“Thus, treating only the individual with the active disease of addiction is limited in effectiveness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A possible result of this adjustment is that family members may unintentionally undermine treatment through their reactions to the changing substance user.
“One consequence of this accommodation can be that various family members may inadvertently sabotage treatment with their own behaviors as they respond to the change in the individual using substances.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A substance use disorder in an adolescent child affects the family in a different way than one in a parent.
“For example, if an adolescent child is identified as having a SUD, this will affect the family differently than if a parent has an SUD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
As a result, the complex attachment system formed through many reciprocal interactions between infant and caregiver will be altered.
“Consequently, the intricate attachment system that is built on hundreds of thousands of reciprocal and implicit interactions between infant and attachment figure will be affected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The family's outer boundaries become rigid in order to keep the substance abuse secret.
“Boundaries around the family itself are rigid to maintain the family secret of substance abuse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
When a parent has a substance use disorder, the boundaries between the parental and child subsystems are usually permeable because the parental subsystem does not operate as a cohesive unit.
“In a family with a parent who has a SUD, boundaries around the parental and child subsystems are typically permeable as the parental subsystem does not function well as a cohesive unit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Homeostasis is central to understanding how substance use disorders affect a family because each member tends to act in ways that keep the whole system balanced even when this is unhealthy for particular individuals.
“The idea of homeostasis is key to understanding the effect of SUDs on the family in that each family member tends to function in such a way that keeps the whole system in balance even if it is not healthy for specific individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
When families become stuck and do not progress through the life cycle, individual members may show clinical symptoms.
“When families do not move through the life cycle and get stuck, individual members can exhibit clinical symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Substance use disorders impact families and children across all domains of development.
“SUDs affect families and children in every area of their development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: When a parent has severe and ongoing substance abuse, the parent and child may be separated because of incarceration, long-term treatment, removal by child protective services, or the parent's death.
- Rests on an assumption: Long-term separation harms a child's attachment and affect regulation and may trigger trauma responses such as numbing or hyperarousal.
- Rests on an assumption: Problems in the psychological emergency response system are directly linked to and greatly raise the likelihood of later traumatic victimization.
- Rests on an assumption: Many children in addicted households become parentified, caring for themselves and siblings prematurely, and in a reversal of dependence needs, they care for the parent.
- Rests on an assumption: Parents with substance use disorders may struggle with assertiveness and direct communication, and certain topics are covertly off-limits.
- Rests on an assumption: Children in families with substance use disorders often see poor communication and emotional dysregulation between caregivers, which frequently leads to domestic violence.
- Rests on an assumption: These children commonly experience anxiety, fear, depression, guilt, shame, loneliness, confusion, and anger.
- Rests on an assumption: Children affected by parental substance use disorders may think they caused the disorder or feel they must keep the drug use secret.
- Rests on an assumption: A parent's moodiness, forgetfulness, and preoccupation can make the child's environment chaotic, unstructured, and unpredictable.
- Rests on an assumption: Some children affected by parental substance use exhibit educational problems.
- Premisecitation
About two thirds of incest perpetrators report drinking alcohol immediately before the offense.
“About two thirds of incest perpetrators report using alcohol directly before the offending incident (USDHHS, 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites USDHHS, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A parent with a substance use disorder is three times more likely to physically or sexually abuse their child.
“A parent with a SUD is 3 times more likely to physically or sexually abuse their child.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites USDHHS, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given
A more severe effect can start before birth when maternal substance abuse damages the developing fetus, leading to birth defects, fetal alcohol syndrome, or fetal alcohol effects.
“An even more severe impact can begin in utero with maternal substance abuse that causes damage to the growing fetus resulting in birth defects, fetal alcohol syndrome, and/or fetal alcohol effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Effective understanding and treatment of individuals with substance use disorders requires accounting for the effects on the entire family.
“Individuals with SUDs cannot be understood and treated effectively without considering the impact on the whole family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: When a parent has severe and ongoing substance abuse, the parent and child may be separated because of incarceration, long-term treatment, removal by child protective services, or the parent's death.
- Rests on an assumption: Long-term separation harms a child's attachment and affect regulation and may trigger trauma responses such as numbing or hyperarousal.
- Rests on an assumption: Problems in the psychological emergency response system are directly linked to and greatly raise the likelihood of later traumatic victimization.
- Rests on an assumption: Many children in addicted households become parentified, caring for themselves and siblings prematurely, and in a reversal of dependence needs, they care for the parent.
- Rests on an assumption: Parents with substance use disorders may struggle with assertiveness and direct communication, and certain topics are covertly off-limits.
- Rests on an assumption: Children in families with substance use disorders often see poor communication and emotional dysregulation between caregivers, which frequently leads to domestic violence.
- Rests on an assumption: These children commonly experience anxiety, fear, depression, guilt, shame, loneliness, confusion, and anger.
- Rests on an assumption: Children affected by parental substance use disorders may think they caused the disorder or feel they must keep the drug use secret.
- Rests on an assumption: A parent's moodiness, forgetfulness, and preoccupation can make the child's environment chaotic, unstructured, and unpredictable.
- Rests on an assumption: Some children affected by parental substance use exhibit educational problems.
- Interpretationreasoning
The harmful effects of having one or both parents with a substance use disorder range from mild hidden damage, such as trouble forming trusting relationships, to being overly emotionally responsible and adopting adult roles too early.
“The negative consequences of having one or both parents with a SUD ranges from covert damage that is mild and may play out when a child or adolescent is having difficulty establishing trusting relationships with people, to being overly emotionally responsible in relationships and taking on adult roles much younger than developmentally appropriate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Research indicates that specialized drug courts yield positive results for entire families.
“Specialized drug courts have been shown to produce favorable outcomes for the whole family (Burns, Pullman, Weathers, Wirschem, & Murphy, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burns, Pullman, Weathers, Wirschem, & Murphy, 2012 source
- Premisecitation
Research indicates that some degree of substance use is involved in one third to two thirds of child maltreatment cases.
“Studies indicate that between one third and two thirds of child maltreatment cases involve some degree of substance use (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given
Parents with substance use problems are likely to have their own difficulties regulating affect, which may have come before or resulted from their substance use.
“Parents who have substance use problems will likely have their own affect dysregulation that may have preceded or resulted from their substance use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: All primates acquire affect regulation from their primary attachment figures through attachment and modeling.
- Premisecitation
Children exposed to parental substance abuse face an elevated risk for almost all childhood disorders listed in the DSM-IV-TR.
“children affected by parental substance abuse are virtually at higher risk for nearly every childhood disorder in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites American Psychiatric Association, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Consequently, children and adolescents in these families will find it hard to develop healthy affect regulation.
“Consequently, development of healthy affect regulation will be difficult for children and adolescents to achieve.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: All primates acquire affect regulation from their primary attachment figures through attachment and modeling.
- Premisecitation
The strongest associations for children affected by parental substance abuse are with eating disorders, behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders.
“Of most significant correlation are the following: eating disorders, behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and SUDs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites American Psychiatric Association, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 20
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationParental substance use disorders harm families by disrupting attachment, rituals, roles, routines, communication, social life, and finances.
“The negative impacts of parental SUDs on the family include disruption of attachment, rituals, roles, routines, communication, social life, and finances.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningInformation about the family setting can clarify how substance use disorders arise, persist, and respond to treatment.
“The family context holds information about how SUDs develop, are maintained, and what can positively or negatively influence the treatment of the disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationResearch on families with substance use disorders has found patterns that strongly affect child development and raise the chance that a child will have emotional, behavioral, or substance use difficulties.
“The studies of families with SUDs reveal patterns that significantly influence child development and the likelihood that a child will struggle with emotional, behavioral, or substance use problems (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenSubstance use disorders harm emotional and behavioral functioning from the time a family begins, producing unfavorable results for both children and adults with the disorder.
“SUDs negatively affect emotional and behavioral patterns from the inception of the family, resulting in poor outcomes for the children and adults with SUDs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningLeaving the family out of an individual's treatment can reduce its effectiveness because it overlooks the harm substance use causes to the family system and fails to use the family as a source of support for change.
“Treating the individual without family involvement may limit the effectiveness of treatment for two main reasons: it ignores the devastating impact of SUDs on the family system leaving family members untreated, and it does not recognize the family as a potential system of support for change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenAttachment theory and family systems theory offer a structure for analyzing how substance use disorders influence families.
“Family systems theory and attachment theory are theoretical models that provide a framework for understanding how SUDs affect the family.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenSubstance use disorders have effects that extend to the entire family, not only the person with the disorder.
“The effects of a substance use disorder (SUD) are felt by the whole family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The family is the main provider of attachment, nurturing, and socialization for people in contemporary society.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMost of these children are under age 5.
“The majority of these children are younger than age 5 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA child lacking a healthy attachment system is more vulnerable to stress and more prone to trauma, anxiety, depression, and other mental illness.
“Without a healthy attachment system, a child is much more vulnerable to stress and therefore more susceptible to having problems with trauma, anxiety, depression, and other mental illness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenAll family therapy models share the family systems principle that a person cannot be fully understood or effectively treated without first understanding how they function within their family system.
“All the family therapy models share the basic principal of family systems theory that is that the individual cannot be fully understood or successfully treated without first understanding how that individual functions in his or her family system.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAn estimated more than eight million children under age 18 live with at least one adult who has a substance use disorder, which is more than one in ten children.
“It is estimated that more than eight million children younger than age 18 live with at least one adult who has a SUD that is a rate of more than one in 10 children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningClients in clinical settings can be regarded as symptomatic, and their pathology can be interpreted as an effort to adapt to the family system and preserve homeostasis.
“Individuals who present in our clinical settings can be seen as “symptomatic,” and their pathology can be viewed as an attempt adapt to their family system so as to maintain homeostasis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenAttachment theory proposes that the quality of a parent's own attachment system from infancy shapes their capacity to form healthy attachments with their children and other adults.
“Attachment theory posits that the quality of the parents' attachment system that developed in infancy will affect their ability to form healthy attachments to their own children and with other adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationFamilies with a parent who has a substance use disorder tend to have an atmosphere marked by secrecy, loss, conflict, violence or abuse, emotional turmoil, role reversal, and fear.
“Families in which there is a parental SUD are characterized by an environment of secrecy, loss, conflict, violence or abuse, emotional chaos, role reversal, and fear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningFamily members' attitudes and beliefs about substance use disorders shape how individuals attempt recovery and how well treatment works.
“The attitudes and beliefs that family members have about SUDs are also of importance as these will influence the individuals as they try to get sober and will influence the efficacy of treatment interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenEvery family and every member within it experiences distinct effects from a relative's substance use, which can include unmet developmental needs, disrupted attachment, financial strain, legal trouble, emotional suffering, and at times violence against them.
“Each family and each family member is uniquely affected by the individual using substances including but not limited to having unmet developmental needs, impaired attachment, economic hardship, legal problems, emotional distress, and sometimes violence being perpetrated against him or her.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The family is the main provider of attachment, nurturing, and socialization for people in contemporary society.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenKnowing which developmental phase a family is in can guide evaluation of impairment and choice of suitable interventions.
“In addition, understanding the current developmental stage a family is in helps inform assessment of impairment and determination of appropriate interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren who are maltreated by parents with a substance use disorder tend to have worse physical, intellectual, social, and emotional outcomes and face a higher risk of developing substance abuse issues themselves.
“a SUD are more likely to have poorer physical, intellectual, social, and emotional outcomes and are at greater risk of developing substance abuse problems themselves (USDHHS, 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites USDHHS, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe literature documents that children of alcoholics and adult children of alcoholics struggle with establishing healthy relationship boundaries, linking thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and with self-awareness and awareness of others' needs.
“This sets the child up for a potential lifetime of inability to set healthy boundaries in relationships and make the important triad connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It creates a lack of self-awareness and sometimes an over awareness of others' needs.”
- Also stated in: § Case Example · boosted
“In the literature one can find these difficulties well-documented under children of alcoholics and adult children of alcoholics research (Berkowitz & Perkins, 1988; Cork, 1969; Hecht, 1973; Morehouse & Richards, 1982; Stroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005; Tarter, 2002; Zucker, Donovan, Masten, Mattson, & Moss, 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- Also stated in: § Case Example · boosted
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis can raise children's and adolescents' risk for internalizing problems such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, or externalizing problems such as opposition, conduct problems, anger outbursts, aggression, and impulsivity.
“This can result in children and adolescents having an increased risk for internalizing problems such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and so on or externalizing problems such as opposition, conduct problems (stealing, lying, and truancy), anger outbursts, aggressivity, impulsivity, and again substance abuse.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: All primates acquire affect regulation from their primary attachment figures through attachment and modeling.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMotivational interviewing techniques can enhance rapport, boost motivation for change, and reduce resistance.
“Motivational interviewing strategies can be employed to build rapport, increase motivation for change, and decrease resistance (Miller & Rollnick, 2002; W. R. Miller & Rose, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Miller & Rollnick, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites W. R. Miller & Rose, 2010 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOut-of-home child placements rose markedly in the 1980s and 1990s, a trend that closely tracked the widespread drug addiction epidemic in the United States during those same decades.
“The significant increase in out-of-home child placements in the 1980s and 1990s closely paralleled the pandemic drug addiction in the United States during those decades (Jaudes & Edwo, 1997).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jaudes & Edwo, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningBlended families with stepparents and stepchildren also have developmental needs that substance use disorders impair.
“It should be noted that blended families with stepparents and stepchildren have their own developmental needs that are impaired by SUDs as well, but those are not detailed in this table.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenEarlier intervention in the course of a substance use disorder leads to better outcomes for all family members.
“The earlier we can intervene in the progression of an SUD, the better the outcomes for all family members.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: When a parent has severe and ongoing substance abuse, the parent and child may be separated because of incarceration, long-term treatment, removal by child protective services, or the parent's death.
- Rests on an assumption: Long-term separation harms a child's attachment and affect regulation and may trigger trauma responses such as numbing or hyperarousal.
- Rests on an assumption: Problems in the psychological emergency response system are directly linked to and greatly raise the likelihood of later traumatic victimization.
- Rests on an assumption: Many children in addicted households become parentified, caring for themselves and siblings prematurely, and in a reversal of dependence needs, they care for the parent.
- Rests on an assumption: Parents with substance use disorders may struggle with assertiveness and direct communication, and certain topics are covertly off-limits.
- Rests on an assumption: Children in families with substance use disorders often see poor communication and emotional dysregulation between caregivers, which frequently leads to domestic violence.
- Rests on an assumption: These children commonly experience anxiety, fear, depression, guilt, shame, loneliness, confusion, and anger.
- Rests on an assumption: Children affected by parental substance use disorders may think they caused the disorder or feel they must keep the drug use secret.
- Rests on an assumption: A parent's moodiness, forgetfulness, and preoccupation can make the child's environment chaotic, unstructured, and unpredictable.
- Rests on an assumption: Some children affected by parental substance use exhibit educational problems.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese children are more than 50% more likely to be arrested as juveniles and 40% more likely to commit a violent crime.
“The sequalae of this is that these children are more than 50% more likely to be arrested as juveniles, and 40% more likely to commit a violent crime (USDHHS, 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites USDHHS, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese problems can produce disabilities that need early intervention and often continuing social and mental health services.
“These difficulties may cause disabilities that require early intervention and often ongoing and social and mental health services.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGenograms can visually expose patterns of substance use and help gather family substance use information indirectly, which reduces defensiveness.
“Genograms can reveal SUD patterns in a visual way and help to obtain family details of substance use without directly asking about the problem thereby decreasing defensiveness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGoldrick & Gerson, 1985
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenIncest is strongly associated with parental substance abuse, as are all forms of sexual abuse.
“Incest has a very high association with parental substance abuse as do all types of sexual abuse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenChildren who have been abused are more likely to develop externalizing disorders such as anger, aggression, and conduct problems, while children who have been neglected are more likely to develop internalizing disorders such as depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and poor peer relations.
“Children who have experienced abuse are more likely to have the externalizing disorders such as anger, aggression, conduct, and behavioral problems whereas children who experience neglect are more likely to have internalizing disorders (depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, poor peer relations).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The family is the main provider of attachment, nurturing, and socialization for people in contemporary society.
“The family remains the primary source of attachment, nurturing, and socialization for humans in our current society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All primates acquire affect regulation from their primary attachment figures through attachment and modeling.
“As previously mentioned, all primates learn how to regulate their affect from their primary attachment figures through the attachment system and modeling.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Genetic and environmental factors both play a role in the development of substance use disorders.
“Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of SUDs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When a parent has severe and ongoing substance abuse, the parent and child may be separated because of incarceration, long-term treatment, removal by child protective services, or the parent's death.
“sometimes the consequences of severe and ongoing substance abuse on the part of a parent can result in parent and child separation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Long-term separation harms a child's attachment and affect regulation and may trigger trauma responses such as numbing or hyperarousal.
“Any long-term separation will have a negative impact on the child's ability to attach, regulate affect, and can lead to a trauma response of numbing or hyperarousal (inability to discriminate and respond appropriately to stimulus).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Problems in the psychological emergency response system are directly linked to and greatly raise the likelihood of later traumatic victimization.
“These impairments in the psychological emergency response system are directly related to, and substantially increase, subsequent traumatic victimization.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many children in addicted households become parentified, caring for themselves and siblings prematurely, and in a reversal of dependence needs, they care for the parent.
“Many children living in a home where there is an addiction develop into “parentified children.” This occurs when the caretaker is unable to meet the developmental needs of the child, and the child begins to parent themselves and perhaps younger siblings earlier than developmentally appropriate. In a phenomenon called “reversal of dependence needs” the child actually begins to parent the parent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parents with substance use disorders may struggle with assertiveness and direct communication, and certain topics are covertly off-limits.
“Parents with a SUD may have difficulty with assertiveness and direct communication. Many subjects are covertly “off-limits” to discuss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children in families with substance use disorders often see poor communication and emotional dysregulation between caregivers, which frequently leads to domestic violence.
“Children in these families also often witness the convergence of poor communication and affect dysregulation with their caregivers that frequently results in domestic violence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These children commonly experience anxiety, fear, depression, guilt, shame, loneliness, confusion, and anger.
“Common emotions these children experience are anxiety, fear, depression guilt, shame, loneliness, confusion, and anger.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children affected by parental substance use disorders may think they caused the disorder or feel they must keep the drug use secret.
“They may believe that they caused their parent's SUD, or perhaps they are expected to keep the drug use a secret from others in the family or in the community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A parent's moodiness, forgetfulness, and preoccupation can make the child's environment chaotic, unstructured, and unpredictable.
“A parent's moodiness, forgetfulness, and preoccupation can create a chaotic and unstructured, unpredictable environment that leaves the child guessing and asking the questions, “What is going to happen next?” and “What is normal?””
The paper relies on this without support.
Some children affected by parental substance use exhibit educational problems.
“Educational problems are also characteristic of some children affected by parental substance use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Enabling, a form of accommodation, shields the person with a substance use disorder from fully facing consequences, making continued substance use more likely.
“Enabling is a form of accommodation that protects the individual with the SUD from fully experiencing the consequences of his or her substance use.”
“As a result, his SUD is more likely to continue.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At least 10% of the general population has a substance use disorder, and the rate is higher among people with mental health problems.
“However with the prevalence of SUDs in the general population being at least 10%, and higher for those presenting with mental health problems, social workers in all settings will find themselves working with individuals with SUDs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most social workers are mandated reporters, and many patients aware of this may hide their substance use for fear of being reported to Child Protective Services.
“Most social workers are mandated reporters so this can present an ethical issue for those who work with individuals with SUDs, especially those with dependent children. Many patients know this and may withhold information about their substance use out of fear of being reported to Child Protective Services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If a substance use disorder goes undetected, treatment for any other problem may fail.
“An undetected SUD can cause treatment of any type of problem to be ineffective.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Addiction researchers have established that addiction and the environment influence each other reciprocally.
“Addictions researchers have confirmed the reciprocal relationship between the disease of addiction and the environment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Every person affects their social environment and is affected by it in return.
“All persons influence their social environment and in turn are influenced by it.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Addictive disorders have pervasive negative consequences for partners, family members and friends (CSOs), who are at heightened risk of abuse, physical and mental health problems.
“Addictive disorders also have pervasive negative consequences for partners, family members and friends [concerned significant others (CSOs)] who, through intimate proximity, are at heightened risk of abuse, physical and mental health problems [7,8].”
From Community reinforcement and family training and rates of treatment entry: a systematic review. (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The sections on parental substance abuse and child abuse report increased risks of abuse and poorer physical and mental-health outcomes for children in families affected by substance use disorders. The paper supports negative consequences for family members, especially children, but does not establish the stated heightened risks for friends or for partners and other family members as a group. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCSOs often experience stress, worry, financial strain and disrupted family relationships related to the IP's substance use.
“CSOs often experience stress, worry, financial strain and disrupted family relationships related to the IP's substance use (Gandhi et al., 2017”
From Online community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) for rural concerned significant others: A randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as Lander et al., 2013
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“…children ’ s social functioning (Berger, Paxson, & Waldfogel, 2009; De Goede, Branje, Delsing, & Meeus, 2009; Giesbrecht, Cukier, & Steeves, 2010; Lander, Howsare, & Byrne, 2013; Martin, Razza, & Brooks-Gunn, 2012; Öberg, Jaakkola, Woodward, Peruga, & Prüss-Ustün, 2011; Parsons, Adler, &…”
Community reinforcement and family training and rates of treatment entry: a systematic review.
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“However, harmful substance use not only has negative health consequences but also affects social and family relationships, whose quantification for individuals and society is methodologically highly complex [9].”
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InfluentialGrandfamilies and the Opioid Epidemic: A Systemic Perspective and Future Priorities
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“…family like a smoker’s secondhand smoke; for example, a person whose domestic partner has SUD often experiences breakdowns in communication, decreased intimacy, repressed psychosocial stress, and physical violence related to SUD (Dawson et al., 2007; Itäpuisto, 2005, 2001; Lander et al., 2013).”
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“…reformulation leads dependent parents or other caregivers to substitute towards other harsher substances, then children might be impacted in negative ways due to decreased family functioning, for example school absenteeism (Lander et al., 2013), but in ways that do not rise to child maltreatment.”
BackgroundDegenhardt, L. J., Bharat, C., Glantz, M. D., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., Bunting, B., de Girolamo, G., de Jonge, P., Florescu, S., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109574 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A developmental perspective on personality and psychopathology across the life span
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“Children are affected by parental substance use across all stages of their development, creating barriers to meeting their developmental needs (Lander et al., 2013).”
Exploring substance use disorders and relapse in Mauritian male addicts
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Relapse to substance use: A concept analysis
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“The family context is central in determining the development and persistence of SUDs, and plays an important role in shaping the success of treatment efforts (Lander et al., 2013).”
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“Lander et al. (2013), have identified family background and parenting styles as risk factors for adolescent drug use.”
BackgroundInfluentialAdolescents and substance abuse: the effects of substance abuse on parents and siblings
Dykes, G. Z., & Casker, R. (2021) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2021.1908376 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Lander et al. (2013) maintains that family members are affected by the individual’s substance abuse; however, each individual is affected differently together with, but not limited to, having unmet developmental needs, impaired attachment, economic hardship, legal problems, emotional distress and…”
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A Grounded Theory of Mothering in the Early Years for Women Recovering From Substance Use
Marcellus, L. (2017) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840717709366 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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The Role of Recovery Housing: Prioritizing Choice in Homeless Services
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“, 2007), our findings of significant effect of parental addiction on rates of discounting among individuals in recovery from addiction are consistent with previous studies examining the effect of family/parental addiction on the risk of many negative outcomes among offspring, including emotional, social, and behaviora…”
BackgroundResultA systematic review of crime/violence and substance use prevention programs
Evans, C. B. R., Stalker, K. C., & Brown, M. E. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101513 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vidal, S., & Woolard, J. L. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.04.019 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Role of Family in Residential Treatment Patient Retention
McPherson, C., Boyne, H., & Willis, R. A. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9712-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources
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A Phenomenological Contribution to Substance Misuse Treatment: Principles for Person-Centered Care
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“Additionally, research has also focused on familial experiences when a loved one actively uses opioids (e.g., Lander et al., 2013; McCann & Lubman, 2018).”
Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa
Madiga, M., & Mokwena, K. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074097 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This is also confirmed by previous research [35].”
BackgroundResultParental drug use disorders and youth psychopathology: Meta-analytic review
Anderson, A. S., Siciliano, R. E., Pillai, A., Jiang, W., & Compas, B. E. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109793 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cannabis Use during Pregnancy: An Update
Gerede, A., Stavros, S., Chatzakis, C., Vavoulidis, Ε., Παπασωζομένου, Π., Domali, E., Nikolettos, K., Oikonomou, E., Potiris, A., Tsikouras, P. N., et al. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60101691 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This will further complicate and make worse economic instability, unemployment, and unavailability of affordable healthcare services that form these barriers to prenatal care and substance abuse treatment [36].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCharacteristics of Co-Dependence Among Wives of Persons with Substance Use Disorder in Iran
Askian, P., Krauss, S. E., Baba, M., Kadir, R. A., & Sharghi, H. M. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9631-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Family members of a person with substance use disorder can become influenced by this problem as well (Gruber and Taylor 2006; Kumpfer and Johnson 2011; Lander et al. 2013; Roth and Tan 2008; Rotunda and Doman 2001).”
BackgroundWahaibi, N. A., Lawati, A. A., Ruqeishy, F. A., Khatri, A. A., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Juma, T. M. A., Hinai, F. A., Al‐Sibani, N., Mahadevan, S. K., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210532 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Long, E. C., Milcheva, S., Psederska, E., Vasilev, G. N., Bozgunov, K., Nedelchev, D., Gillespie, N. A., & Vassileva, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02296 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
García, T., Rodríguez, C., Rodríguez‐Díaz, F. J., Suárez, A. F., Vanesa Richarte, B., & Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A. (2018) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…include unmet developmental needs, impaired attachment, economic hardship, legal problems, emotional distress, and even violence, as well as an increased risk of developing a substance use disorder (SUD) themselves (Lander et al., 2013; Martínez-Catena, & Redondo, 2017; Zimi & Juki , 2012).”
BackgroundPrimary healthcare for the Indian LGBTQ community – A call for inclusion
Majumder, S., & Kar, A. (2021) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2021.2004285 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Study of Association of Substance Use Disorders with Family Members’ Psychological Disorders
Solati, K. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/24547.10021 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Setiawan, A., Sahar, J., Santoso, B., Mansyur, M., & Syamsir, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.24.042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Drug addiction frequently results in conflicts and dam - age to relationships with family, friends, and the community [12].”
BackgroundTadros, E. (2022) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2022.2040400 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Individuals both influence and are influenced by their social environment (Lander et al., 2013).”
Background‘I have cried a lot’: a qualitative study on children experiencing severe parental illness
Faugli, A., Kufås, E., Haukland, M., Kallander, E. K., Ruud, T., & Weimand, B. M. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12938 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hwang, W., Fu, X., Kim, S.-H., Jung, E., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022914 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Safeguarding the Guardians to Safeguard the Bio-economy and Mitigate Social Injustices
Abbas, R., Michael, K., Michael, M. G., Perakslis, C., & Pitt, J. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26034-6_12 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pedersen, C. N., Yang, F., Ita, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16179 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Disorders of drug abuse pose a global challenge with significant consequences for individuals their families, and society (Karila et al., 2012; Lander et al., 2013).”
Willhelm, A. R., Cabral, J. C. C., Steiger, J. O., da Silva, J. F. F., Ugarte, L. M., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2015) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2015.2.18129 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mathibela, F., & Skhosana, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108178 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Living with parents with problematic substance use: Impacts and turning points
Maina, G., Ogenchuk, M., & Gaudet, S. (2021) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12888 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pruner, M., Jirikowic, T., Yorkston, K. M., & Olson, H. C. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103558 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Armoon, B., Griffiths, M. D., & Mohammadi, R. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2181036 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Also, several studies indicate that substance use in families has negative outcomes and is significantly associated with children’s substance use (Lander et al., 2013; Roshanfekr et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMiranda, O., Fan, P., Qi, X., Wang, H., Brannock, M. D., Kosten, T. R., Ryan, N. D., Kirisci, L., & Wang, L. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14010094 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
An Overview of Attachment Patterns: Psychology, Neurobiology, and Clinical Implications
Naveed, S., Saboor, S., & Zeshan, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20200717-01 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories to heroin dependence: Theoretical and clinical issues
Darke, S. G., Torok, M. H., & Ross, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12434 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Ruiz, J., Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A., & Espejo‐Siles, R. (2025) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12620 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bağımlılık rehabilitasyonunda sosyal hizmet uygulamaları: Erenköy bahar modeli
Şamar, B., & Buz, S. (2021) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.982856 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pachado, M. P., Scherer, J. N., Guimarães, L. S. P., DIEMEN, L. V., Pechansky, F., Kessler, F. H. P., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2018) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-018-9590-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Engaging the Family in Recovery: Outcomes of a Community-Based Family Intervention
Bunagan, K. S., Tabo-Corpuz, C. E. S., Bautista, V., Melgar, M. I. E., Co, T. A. C., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2019) · Philippine Journal of Psychology · doi:10.31710/pjp/0052.01.06 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Weir, K. N., Pereyra, S., Crane, J., Greaves, M., Childs, T. S., & Weir, A. B. (2021) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480720980988 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Additionally, and more recently, there are growing investments in familial or systemic approaches to tackling the issues that nonaddict family members face when a loved one struggles with a SUD (Lander et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUse of Spectroscopic Methods and Their Clinical Applications in Drug Abuse: A Review
Kumar, P., Sharma, A., Kumar, D., & Sharma, L. K. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/10408347.2021.1958196 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Maina, G., Marshall, K., & Sherstobitoff, J. (2021) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11782218211050372 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sanatkar, S., Heinsch, M., Tickner, C., Hunt, S., Teesson, M., Geddes, J., Gilbert, J., Pedemont, L., McKetin, R., & KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J. (2022) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2022.2074600 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“players in facilitating treatment allocation of their loved ones and, two, experience significant distress as a consequence of methamphetamine use in their family.(37,38) Therefore, including caregivers of people who use metham-”
BackgroundRussell, B. S., D’Aniello, C., Tambling, R. R., & Horton, A. L. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00884-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Given pervasive impacts on the entire family system, and the pre-existing family relationship factors that often underpin substance use, SUDs are conceptualized as a family disease (Lander et al., 2013; McPherson et al., 2017; Roth, 2010).”
Muswerakuenda, F. F., Mundagowa, P., Madziwa, C., & Mukora-Mutseyekwa, F. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15633-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Living or constantly associating with someone still using substances can trigger cravings that may lead to relapse [54].”
BackgroundJayamaha, A. R., Dharmarathna, N. D., Herath, N. D. M., Ranadeva, N. D. K., Fernando, M. M., Samarasinghe, K., Amarabandu, P. N., Senanayake, B., Darshana, T., Renuka, N., et al. (2022) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11782218221100823 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lee, M., & Bhang, S. (2023) · Journal of Korean medical science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e221 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Alamr, F. A., Alzahrani, H., Alghamdi, A. M. A., Alzhrani, A. S. A., Alzahrani, F. A. A., Alkhediwi, L. M. A., Alghamdi, M., Alhomrani, M. A. M., & Aburaida, O. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46846 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Crack-cocaine users have less family cohesion than alcohol users
Marchi, N. C., Scherer, J. N., Pachado, M. P., Guimarães, L. S. P., Siegmund, G., de Castro, M. N., Halpern, S. C., Bumaguin, D. B., Formigoni, M. L. O. D. S., Cruz, M. S., et al. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2091 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sayed, H. A. E. E., Ali, R. A. E. S., Ahmed, F. M., & El-Deen, H. F. M. (2019) · American Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.11648/j.ajns.20190805.19 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“[6, 7] The trainings have been helpful for controlling smoking and drinking habits and drug abuse, preventing violence and crime, preventing suicide improving emotional and social adaptation, decreasing anxiety.”
BackgroundFamilial Influences on Treatment and Substance Use Among Mothers Engaged in Prostitution
Murnan, A., & Ferber, M. F. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12492 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alamdarloo, G. H., khorasani, S. M., Najafi, M., Jabbari, F. S., & Shojaee, S. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018824466 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evaluating an intervention for family members of people who use drugs in Vietnam
Li, L., Lin, C., Liang, L.-J. F., Feng, N., Pham, L. Q., & Hiển, N. T. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113238 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“It is suggested that intervention strategies should focus on establishing a harmonious family relationship to mobilize the family support and facilitate the recovery process for PWUD (Bortolon et al., 2017; Jackson et al., 2011; Lander et al., 2013).”
Background“Do Not Carry the Load by Yourself”: Advice for Families Affected by Non-Medical Opioid Use
Friedrich, F. S., Pasman, E., Boraggina-Ballard, L., O’Shay, S., Szechy, K. A., Ellis, J. D., Resko, S. M., & Brown, S. (2023) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894221145759 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For example, Lander et al. (2013) recommend that social workers understand the family structure and provide referrals for family members to family therapy, couples therapy play therapy, or other professionals as appropriate.”
Zhang, X., Merrin, G. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107129 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mathibela, F., & Skhosana, R. M. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93114 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The challenge of moving into young adulthood is a very sensitive stage, not only are they eager to explore their newly acquired freedom, they are simultaneously afraid of losing the most important thing in their lives—the love and care of their parents [41].”
BackgroundAdolescent Girls and Alcohol Use: Increasing Concern During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Smith, T. S., Bryant, P. H., & Fogger, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000388 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Treatment that does not include the family is not as effective in Journal of Addictions Nursing Copyright © 2021 International Nurses Society on Addictions supporting the adolescent and does not take into consideration the impact on the other family members (Lander et al., 2013).”
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“of child maltreatment [9,14,15], most often in the form of”
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A Family Systems Approach to the Understanding and Treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder
Day, I. (2017) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480717711108 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Lander et al. (2013) emphasize the fact that each family member tends to function in such a way that keeps the whole system in balance even if it is not healthy for specific individuals.”
BackgroundPrevention strategies for substance use disorders in low-resource settings
Deb, K., & Gupta, S. (2017) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_41_17 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Effective treatment prevents additional secondary detrimental life events such as job and economic loss, family dysfunctions, incarceration, and legal infringements.[46,47] Such treatment ranges from brief intervention for harmful users of alcohol to residential or outpatient care for substance users and harm reductio…”
BackgroundBete, T., Lami, M., Negash, A., Eyeberu, A., Birhanu, A., Berhanu, B., Abdeta, T., Nigussie, S., Dechasa, D. B., Gemechu, K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.955371 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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“Most studies pinpoint that the dramatic spurts of both physical and intellectual growth occurring during adolescence make teenagers develop an experimental mindset and become more prone to drug use [23].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Early Childhood Adversity on Neurodevelopment: A Comprehensive Review
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- Authors
- Lander, L., Howsare, J., & Byrne, M.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- Venue
- Social work in public health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 194-205
- ISSN
- 1937-190X (ISSN-L)
- 1937-1918
- PMC
- PMC3725219
- OpenAlex
- W2078867900
- Cited by
- 561
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Work in Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- substance use disorders, family impact, children of substance users, family systems theory, attachment theory, family intervention, social work practice
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcoholism, Child, Psychology, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Family Therapy, Female
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