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Cited by 6Muscle metabolism and nutritionNutrition and Health in AgingSports Performance and Training

Effect of a Multi-Ingredient Post-Workout Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Muscle Strength – A Randomized Controlled Trial

Open access
Puente-Fernández, Joel, Larumbe-Zabala, Eneko, Roberts, Justin, Naclerio, Fernando·2025·Journal of Dietary Supplements
DOI 10.1080/19390211.2025.2488811
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Abstract

The aim of the current parallel randomized controlled trial was to compare the effects of ingesting a dietary supplement admixture providing carbohydrates, leucine-fortified whey protein, creatine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and vitamin D3 (Master Recovery 1:1, Crown Sport Nutrition, Spain), versus an isoenergetic carbohydrate-only comparator on body composition, muscle thickness, muscle strength, and performance over a 6-week resistance training program, performed three times per week, in aging, physically active individuals. Twenty participants (10 peri- and post-menopausal females and 10 males) ­completed the study after being randomly assigned to one of the following groups: post-workout multi-ingredient (PWS: n = 10, 52.0 ± 5 years, body mass 82.0 ± 18.0 kg) or a comparator (COM: n = 10, 51 ± 3 years, body mass 85.9 ± 17.0 kg). Treatment consisted of ingesting 60.0 g of the assigned supplement immediately after each workout. Compared to baseline, only PWS increased fat-free mass (+1.34 ± 1.2 kg, p = 0.003), reduced fat mass (–1.09 ± 0.7 kg, p < 0.001), waist circumference (–2.5 ± 1.8 cm, p < 0.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (–0.03 ± 0.03 cm, p = 0.007). At post-intervention, waist circumference reduction was different between groups (p = 0.02, d = 1.19). Both treatments similarly improved vastus lateralis and elbow flexor thickness, medicine ball throw, and endurance performance. Although countermovement jump improved for both treatments, the PWS group showed a significantly higher performance increase compared to COM (p < 0.01, d = 1.47). Compared to ingesting carbohydrates only, the use of a targeted multi-ingredient promoted noticeable body composition outcomes and better vertical jump improvements with no further effects on hypertrophy, upper body, and endurance performance. The study was registered as a clinical trial at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05769088).

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a 6-week randomized controlled trial in 20 physically active middle-aged/older adults, a post-workout multi-ingredient supplement (carbohydrate, leucine-fortified whey protein, creatine, β-HMB, vitamin D3) improved fat-free mass, fat mass, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and countermovement jump versus baseline, while an isoenergetic carbohydrate comparator did not for body composition. Between-group differences favored the multi-ingredient only for waist circumference reduction and countermovement jump; hypertrophy, upper-body power, endurance, workout volume, and perceived exertion were similar.

Key findings

  • Only the post-workout multi-ingredient group increased fat-free mass (+1.34 ± 1.2 kg, p = 0.003), reduced fat mass (−1.09 ± 0.7 kg, p < 0.001), waist circumference (−2.5 ± 1.8 cm, p < 0.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (−0.03 ± 0.03, p = 0.007); waist circumference reduction differed between groups (p = 0.02, d = 1.19).
  • Both groups increased vastus lateralis and elbow flexor muscle thickness with no between-group differences (vastus lateralis: PWS +2.4 ± 0.5 mm, COM +2.1 ± 0.5 mm; elbow flexors: PWS +3.6 ± 0.6 mm, COM +1.6 ± 0.6 mm).
  • Both groups improved countermovement jump and seated medicine ball throw; the multi-ingredient group showed a greater adjusted countermovement jump improvement (p = 0.005, d = 1.47), with no between-group difference for medicine ball throw.
  • No between-group differences were found for total lifted workout volume, V̇O2peak, FATmax intensity, or OMNI-RES perceived exertion (PWS 8.3 ± 0.8 vs COM 8.1 ± 0.9).

Methods

  • Double-blinded, randomized, controlled, counterbalanced parallel-group trial with 1:1 allocation; 22 participants were randomized and 20 completed (PWS n = 10, age 52.0 ± 5 years, body mass 82.0 ± 18 kg; COM n = 10, age 51 ± 3 years, body mass 85.9 ± 17 kg); registered as NCT05769088.
  • Participants completed a supervised 6-week circuit resistance-training program three times per week (18 sessions) and ingested 60 g of either the multi-ingredient supplement or an isoenergetic carbohydrate-only comparator immediately after each workout.
  • Outcomes included body composition by air displacement plethysmography, waist/hip circumference, ultrasound muscle thickness, countermovement jump, seated medicine ball throw, and progressive cycling to exhaustion; analyses used repeated-measures ANCOVA with sex as covariate, one-sample t-tests, and effect sizes.

Limitations

  • Stated: self-reported 3-day food diaries via MyFitnessPal may introduce measurement inaccuracies; the non-individualized 60 g dose produced varying relative intakes (protein 0.24–0.43 g/kg, carbohydrate 0.21–0.38 g/kg, creatine 0.05–0.08 g/kg); menopause status was assessed only by symptom questionnaire without blood tests; and the small sample and 6-week duration may limit detection of between-supplement differences.
  • Stated/evident: the ecological design asked participants to maintain usual diet and caffeine intake, so effects reflect supplementation added to habitual intake; the commercial multi-ingredient cannot isolate which component or synergy drove the observed effects, and the authors call for future work on individual and synergistic contributions.
  • Evident: with n = 20 middle-aged, physically active adults over 6 weeks, findings may not generalize to other ages, training statuses, or longer interventions.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/19390211.2025.2488811

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

17 of 28 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Targeted muscle hypertrophy and strength gains are influenced by specific training loads and muscle utilization.

    “These results suggest that while targeted muscle hypertrophy and strength gains are influenced by specific training loads and muscle utilization”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bernárdez-Vázquez et al. 2022 source

      The Discussion (Intensity) says training load can affect hypertrophy responses, while the Discussion (Contraction Type) describes how different contractions and patterns of muscle activation affect where hypertrophy occurs. These passages support the hypertrophy portion of the claim, but they do not establish that specific loads and muscle utilization influence strength gains. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    Differences in training overload may have impacted the observed results, particularly because the most prominent resistance-training adaptations and nutritional support benefits are likely to occur in the most heavily utilized muscle groups.

    “These differences in the training overload may have impacted the observed results, particularly when considering that the most prominent resistance-training adaptations and nutritional support benefits are likely to occur in the most heavily utilized muscle groups (Bernárdez-Vázquez et al. 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bernárdez-Vázquez et al. 2022 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Some amino-acid derivatives, such as creatine and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (β-HMB), have the potential to expedite post-exercise recovery and support optimal muscle function in athletes and physically active individuals via synergistic mechanisms.

    “some amino-acid derivatives, such as creatine (Kerksick et al. 2018;Barnes 2023), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (β-HMB) (Kerksick et al. 2018;Barnes 2023), have the potential to expedite post-exercise recovery and support optimal muscle function in athletes and physically active individuals via synergistic mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kerksick et al. 2018 source

      The Performance enhancement supplements section reports improved recovery with creatine and describes HMB’s potential to reduce muscle damage and improve strength or performance, although HMB findings are mixed. It does not establish that creatine and HMB expedite post-exercise recovery or support muscle function through synergistic mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Barnes 2023 source

      In the main text (page unavailable), Barnes lists creatine monohydrate and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate among compounds with moderate evidence that may be worth considering for post-exercise recovery. The paper does not say they act through synergistic mechanisms or specifically establish their effects on optimal muscle function in athletes and physically active individuals. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    Increased post-workout protein intake could have been particularly impactful in stimulating post-exercise muscle protein synthesis in participants who consumed lower daily protein intake than recommended.

    “On the other hand, an increased post-workout protein intake could have been particularly impactful in stimulating post-exercise muscle protein synthesis in our participants who consumed lower daily protein intake than the recommended to support muscle mass accretion (Stokes et al. 2018;Van Vliet et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Stokes et al. 2018 source

      Section 2 reports that protein intake after resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis, and Section 5.1 recommends about 1.6–2.2 g/kg/day to support muscle accretion. The paper does not establish that a post-workout increase is particularly impactful for people whose daily intake falls below that range. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Van Vliet et al. 2018 source

      Section 2 (Protein Recommendations for Physically Active Adults; page unavailable) gives daily protein recommendations and says higher intakes are likely needed to optimize muscle adaptation. The Introduction and Section 2 also describe protein intake as stimulating post-exercise muscle protein synthesis. The paper does not specifically establish that an increased post-workout dose has a particularly strong effect in people whose daily intake falls below recommendations; that application to the citing authors’ participants is their inference. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    Body mass gain may need an appropriate energy intake combined with resistance training to facilitate quality weight gain characterized primarily by fat-free mass increase.

    “body mass gain may also need an appropriate energy intake combined with resistance training to facilitate quality weight gain characterized primarily by FFM increase (Slater et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Slater et al. 2019 source
  • May combine two claims. 22
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High-quality protein extracts have been shown to maximize muscle protein synthesis and attenuate muscle protein breakdown during exercise and resting conditions.

    “high-quality protein extracts have proven to maximize muscle protein synthesis and attenuate muscle protein breakdown during exercise and resting conditions (Naclerio and Larumbe-Zabala 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Naclerio and Larumbe-Zabala 2016 source

      The Discussion states that whey protein can maximize muscle protein synthesis and attenuate breakdown at rest and following resistance exercise. The claim extends this to high-quality protein extracts generally and says “during exercise,” whereas the cited passage specifically discusses whey and the period following exercise. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Whey protein is considered the highest quality protein due to its complete nutritional profile and rapid digestion kinetics.

    “whey protein is considered the highest quality protein due to its complete nutritional profile and rapid digestion kinetics (Boirie et al. 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boirie et al. 1997 source

      The Discussion says whey protein is absorbed faster than casein and that both proteins have high digestibility and well-balanced amino acid scores. It does not rank whey as the highest-quality protein; the study reports a better postprandial leucine balance with casein. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The claimed superior effects of multi-ingredients compared to the intake of each ingredient in isolation are based on their synergistic interaction or amplification effect once the included ingredients are ingested as a component of a special formulation.

    “The claimed superior effects of multi-ingredients compared to the intake of each ingredient in isolation are based on their synergistic interaction or amplification effect once the included ingredients are ingested as a component of a special formulation (Liao et al. 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liao et al. 2017 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Creatine has been proven to promote muscle mass accretion and maximize strength and endurance outcomes in athletes and recreationally active individuals.

    “creatine has been proven to promote muscle mass accretion and maximize strength and endurance outcomes in athletes and recreationally active individuals (Mills et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mills et al. 2020 source

      The Introduction reports evidence that creatine plus resistance training increases muscle mass and strength, and the Conclusions report improved strength and endurance in physically active young adults. But the Discussion says this study found no greater muscle accretion than placebo, and its endurance gains had exceptions. The paper does not establish maximized outcomes across athletes and recreationally active individuals. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These intake figures are below recommended daily intake for carbohydrates (4-7 g/kg body mass) and proteins (~1.6 g/kg body mass) and slightly above recommended fat intake (30% of calories) for physically active individuals looking for hypertrophy.

    “These figures are below the recommended daily intake for carbohydrates (4-7 g•kg -1 of BM) and proteins (~1.6 g•kg -1 of BM) (Morton et al. 2018) while slightly above the recommended fat intake (30% of the calories) (Thomas et al. 2016) for physically active individuals looking for hypertrophy (Thomas et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Morton et al. 2018 source

      The Discussion (Muscle mass; page not provided) reports a plateau in resistance-training-induced fat-free-mass gains at 1.62 g protein/kg/day, supporting the approximate protein figure. The paper does not provide the cited carbohydrate recommendation of 4–7 g/kg/day. The fat recommendation is attributed to Thomas et al., not Morton et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Thomas et al. 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    β-HMB, a leucine metabolite, may attenuate catabolism and exercise-induced muscle damage, favoring growth hormone production, tissue repair, and muscular protein synthesis.

    “β-HMB, a leucine metabolite, may also attenuate catabolism and exercise-induced muscle damage (Arazi et al. 2021;Kim and Kim 2022), favoring growth hormone production, tissue repair (Arazi et al. 2021) and muscular protein synthesis (Kraemer et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Arazi et al. 2021 source
    • cites Kim and Kim 2022 source
    • cites Kraemer et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The seated medicine ball chest throw test has an ICC of 0.97-0.99 in recreationally trained adults.

    “A range from 0.97-0.99ICC has been observed for this test in recreationally trained adults (Beckham et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beckham et al. 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The proposed beneficial effects of post-workout admixtures rely on mitigating declines in physical performance after hard training sessions and promoting skeletal muscle mass accretion and remodeling.

    “The proposed beneficial effects of post-workout admixtures rely on mitigating declines in physical performance after hard training sessions and promoting skeletal muscle mass accretion and remodeling (Nabuco et al. 2018;Naclerio et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Nabuco et al. 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Naclerio et al. 2020 source

      The Discussion (p. 20) reports faster recovery of strength and power performance after hard resistance workouts with the multi-ingredient supplement. The Discussion (p. 22) proposes that its protein content could promote post-exercise muscle protein synthesis and remodeling, but the paper does not establish skeletal muscle mass accretion. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both PWS and COM groups significantly increased elbow flexor muscle thickness from baseline (PWS: +3.6 ± 0.6 mm; COM: +1.6 ± 0.6 mm).

    “and EF (PWS: +3.6 ± 0.6 mm; COM: +1.6 ± 0.6 mm) muscle thickness”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Both treatments similarly improved vastus lateralis and elbow flexor thickness”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences between PWS and COM in V̇O2peak or FATmax intensity when adjusted values were considered.

    “with no significant differences between them when adjusted values were considered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Protein contribution during exercise is minimal when estimating maximal fatty acid oxidation (FATmax).

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both PWS and COM groups significantly improved FATmax intensity.

    “Both groups significantly improved VȮ 2 peak and FATmax intensity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Protein contribution during exercise is minimal when estimating maximal fatty acid oxidation (FATmax).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Average OMNI-RES session RPE scores did not differ significantly between PWS and COM.

    “The average scores on the Global Rating of Perceived Effort (RPE), assessed by the OMNI-RES (0-10) scale did not reveal any statistically significant disparities between the PWS (8.3 ± 0.8) and COM (8.1 ± 0.9) conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both PWS and COM groups significantly improved V̇O2peak.

    “Both groups significantly improved VȮ 2 peak and FATmax intensity”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Both treatments similarly improved vastus lateralis and elbow flexor thickness, medicine ball throw, and endurance performance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both PWS and COM groups significantly increased countermovement jump height from baseline (PWS: 2.87 ± 1.1, d = 1.1; COM: 1.12 ± 1.2, d = 0.8).

    “Compared to baseline, both PWS and COM groups significantly increased CMJ height (PWS: 2.87 ± 1.1 d = 1.1;COM: 1.12 ± 1.2, d = 0.8)”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “although countermovement jump improved for both treatments”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although no statistical differences between groups were identified at post-intervention, a large effect size (d = 0.90) favoring the PWS treatment was determined.

    “although no statistical differences between groups was identified at post-intervention, a large effect size (d = 0.90), favoring the PWS treatment was determined.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All participants consumed approximately 3 g/kg body mass carbohydrate (~44% of calories), approximately 1 g/kg body mass protein (~15% of calories), and approximately 1.2 g/kg body mass fat (~40% of calories).

    “The analysis of dietary patterns indicated that all participants regardless of the group consumed ~3 g•kg -1 of BM of carbohydrate (~44% of calories) slightly higher than 1 g•kg -1 of BM of protein (~15% of calories) and ~1.2 g kg -1 of BM of fat (~40% of calories).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Assignment of participants to treatments was performed by block randomization using a block size of two and in a double-blind manner.

    “The assignment of participants to treatments was performed by block randomization using a block size of two and in a double-blind (PWS or COM) manner.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    One trained researcher assessed all participants to eliminate inter-rater variability and ensure measurement consistency.

    “One trained researcher assessed all participants to eliminate inter-rater variability and ensure measurement consistency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The intervention followed a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, and counterbalanced, parallel-group design with a 1:1 allocation ratio.

    “The intervention followed a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, and counterbalanced, parallel group design with a 1:1 allocation ratio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was registered as a clinical trial at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05769088).

    “the study was registered as a clinical trial at clinicaltrials.gov(Nct05769088).”
    • Also stated in: § Experimental design · plain
      “The study was registered as a clinical trial at the US National Institutes of Health.https://www.clinicaltrials. gov (NCT05769088).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no differences between PWS and COM in energy, carbohydrate, or protein intake at baseline or as a result of the nutritional intervention.

    “No differences between groups were observed at baseline or as a result of the nutritional intervention regarding energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Two participants (one per group) dropped out for non-intervention-related reasons (lack of time to commit to the protocol).

    “due to non-intervention-related reasons (lack of time to commit to the entirety of the protocol), two participants (one per group) dropped out of the study”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The current investigation is reported according to the CONSORT criteria.

    “The current investigation is reported per the CONSORT criteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Twenty participants completed all aspects of the intervention protocol and were included in the analysis.

    “twenty participants (10 peri-and post-menopausal females and 10 males) completed the study”
    • Also stated in: § Participants · plain
      “20 participants completed all aspects of the intervention protocol and were considered for the analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants provided written informed consent.

    “In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants provided written informed consent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Procedures were approved by the University of Greenwich Research Ethics Committee (approval reference number FREC-EHHS-21-2-23-03).

    “Procedures were approved by the University of Greenwich Research Ethics Committee (approval reference number FREC-EHHS-21-2-23-03).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D is a cofactor associated with optimal muscular function and growth, predominantly lower body strength, particularly in older individuals or those with vitamin D insufficiency.

    “Vitamin D is a cofactor associated with optimal muscular function and growth (Chiang et al. 2017), predominantly lower body strength (Beaudart et al. 2014) particularly in older individuals or those with vitamin D insufficiency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chiang et al. 2017 source
    • cites Beaudart et al. 2014 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Adding vitamin D3 to whey protein isolate enhanced skeletal mass index, strength, and anabolic markers in sarcopenic older adults.

    “adding Vitamin D3 to whey protein isolate enhanced skeletal mass index, strength, and anabolic markers in sarcopenic older adults (Bo et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bo et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ingestion of whey protein is associated with suppressed appetite, increased satiety, and favors protein synthesis, which in turn would increase post-exercise thermogenesis.

    “The ingestion of whey protein has been associated with suppressed appetite, increased satiety and favors protein synthesis, which in turn would increase post-exercise thermogenesis (Acheson et al. 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Acheson et al. 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The non-individualization of the supplement dosage resulted in varying relative amounts of proteins (0.24 to 0.43 g/kg body mass), carbohydrates (0.21 to 0.38 g/kg body mass), and creatine (0.05 to 0.08 g/kg body mass) among participants, potentially affording broader benefits to those with lighter body mass.

    “Secondly, the non-individualization of the supplement dosage resulted in varying relative amounts of proteins (0.24 to 0.43 g•kg -1 of BM), carbohydrates (0.21 to 0.38 g•kg -1 of BM) and creatine (0.05 to 0.08 g•kg -1 of BM) among participants, potentially affording broader benefits to those with lighter body mass.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Compared with ingesting carbohydrates only, a targeted multi-ingredient supplement promoted noticeable body composition outcomes and better vertical jump improvements, with no further effects on hypertrophy, upper body, or endurance performance.

    “compared to ingesting carbohydrates only, the use of a targeted multi-ingredient promoted noticeable body composition outcomes and better vertical jump improvements with no further effects on hypertrophy, upper body, and endurance performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Protein contribution during exercise is minimal when estimating maximal fatty acid oxidation (FATmax).

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The self-reporting method employed for recording nutritional intake might introduce measurement inaccuracies.

    “Firstly, despite the employment of a validated application (MyFitnessPal Inc.©) for recording nutritional intake, the self-reporting method employed might introduce measurement inaccuracies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The potential for observing more pronounced differences between supplements could likely be enhanced with longer interventions using larger sample sizes.

    “The potential for observing more pronounced differences between supplements could likely be enhanced with longer interventions using larger sample sizes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Each participant ingested a total of 18 doses of the assigned supplement.

    “Therefore, each participant ingested a total of 18 doses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The included peri- and post-menopausal women were not complemented by any additional blood tests beyond a symptomatology questionnaire, which might have nuanced the results across different stages of menopause.

    “Lastly, the included peri-and post-menopausal women were not complemented by any additional blood tests beyond a symptomatology questionnaire, which might have nuanced the results across different stages of menopause.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A hypothetically increased use of fat as the predominant fuel to support muscle remodeling and recovery could be the cause of the significant fat mass reduction observed in PWS but not COM.

    “Therefore, a hypothetically increased use of fat as the predominant fuel to support muscle remodeling and recovery could be the cause of the significant fat mass reduction observed in PWS but not in the COM group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The supplements were provided in identical black and opaque bottle shakers to maximize the double-blinded procedure.

    “they were provided in identical black and opaque bottle shakers to maximize the double-blinded procedure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adding high-quality protein to the habitual diet favors metabolic health in older adults and maximizes muscle mass and strength gains over long-term resistance training interventions in physically active middle-aged and older adults.

    “adding of high-quality protein to the habitual diet favors metabolic health in older adults (Nabuco et al. 2019) and maximizes muscle mass and strength gains over long-term resistance training interventions (Huecker et al. 2019) in physically active middle-aged and older adults (Camargo et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Nabuco et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Huecker et al. 2019 source
    • cites Camargo et al. 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    For middle-aged physically active individuals, a 6-week resistance-training program, whether combined with multi-ingredient or carbohydrates alone, could be similarly effective in promoting endurance capacity with no differentiated effects on global perception of effort.

    “Additionally, it seems that for middle-aged physically active individuals, a 6-week resistance-training program, whether combined with the ingestion of a multi-ingredient or carbohydrates alone (Table 1), could be similarly effective in promoting endurance capacity with no differentiated effects on the global perception of effort.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a paucity of research analyzing the convenience of regularly ingesting post-workout multi-ingredients to maximize exercise adaptation outcomes in physically active middle-aged and older adults.

    “To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is still a paucity of research analyzing the convenience of regularly ingesting post-workout muti-ingredients to maximize exercise adaptation outcomes in physically active middle-aged and older adults.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Protein contribution during exercise is minimal when estimating maximal fatty acid oxidation (FATmax).

    “Assuming minimal protein contribution during exercise the maximal fatty acid oxidation (FATmax) (g•min -1 ) was determined from the progressive test as the highest amount of FAO averaged over 30 s.”
2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Comparator baseline body mass differs between the abstract and Table 3

    Minor

    The abstract gives the comparator group's baseline body mass as 85.9 kg, while Table 3 gives 84.9 kg for the same ten participants.

  • Comparator muscle-thickness confidence interval is not centered on its change

    Minor

    Table 3 reports a vastus lateralis thickness change of 0.21 cm with a 95% confidence interval of [0.14, 0.39] cm. That interval is centered on 0.265 cm, not 0.21 cm.

    Reported 0.21 · recomputed 0.265

  • Discussion names an exercise absent from the training protocol

    Minor

    The discussion says the training included hang cleans, but the protocol's complete exercise list does not include them.

  • Two different p-values are reported for the fat-free-mass increase

    Minor

    The abstract reports p = 0.003 for the PWS fat-free-mass increase, whereas the discussion reports p = 0.007 for that increase.

  • Body-mass change confidence intervals have the opposite sign

    Minor

    Table 3 reports a positive PWS body-mass change of 0.59 kg, but its confidence interval is centered on −0.595 kg. The comparator interval likewise centers on −0.45 kg despite a reported positive change of 0.45 kg.

    Reported 0.59 · recomputed -0.595

  • A dimensionless waist-to-hip ratio is reported in centimeters

    Minor

    The methods define the ratio as waist circumference divided by hip circumference, which has no length unit. The abstract attaches centimeters to its change.

  • Muscle-thickness change standard deviations differ between results and table

    Minor

    The results text gives standard deviations of 0.5 mm for vastus lateralis changes and 0.6 mm for elbow-flexor changes. Table 3 gives 0.1 cm (1 mm) and 0.2 cm (2 mm), respectively, for both groups.

7 of 7

Cites

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Cited by

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Related

Authors
Puente-Fernández, J., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Roberts, J., & Naclerio, F.
Affiliations
  • University of Greenwich (GB)
  • Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FCIISC)
  • Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
Corresponding author
Naclerio, Fernando
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Dietary Supplements
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2025-04-12
Volume
22
Issue
3
Pages
445-462
ISSN
  • 1939-0211 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-022X
DOI
10.1080/19390211.2025.2488811
OpenAlex
W4409381023
Cited by
6
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3
FWCI
2.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Dietary Supplements (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
resistance training, body composition, fat-free mass, fat mass, creatine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, vitamin D3, muscle strength
MeSH terms
Whey Proteins, Body Composition, Cholecalciferol, Creatine, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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