Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis
Abstract
Background Even though the positive effects of whey protein-containing supplements for optimizing the anabolic responses and adaptations process in resistance-trained individuals have been supported by several investigations, their use continues to be controversial. Additionally, the administration of different multi-ingredient formulations where whey proteins are combined with carbohydrates, other protein sources, creatine, and amino acids or derivatives, has been extensively proposed as an effective strategy to maximize strength and muscle mass gains in athletes.Objective We aimed to systematically summarize and quantify whether whey protein-containing supplements, administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient, could improve the effects of resistance training on fat-free mass or lean body mass, and strength in resistance-trained individuals when compared with other iso-energetic supplements containing carbohydrates or other sources of proteins.Methods A structured literature search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Libraries, US National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases. Main inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trial study design, adults (aged 18 years and over), resistance-trained individuals, interventions (a resistance training program for a period of 6 weeks or longer, combined with whey protein supplementation administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient), and a calorie equivalent contrast supplement from carbohydrates or other non-whey protein sources. Continuous data on fat-free mass and lean body mass, and maximal strength were pooled using a random-effects model.Results Data from nine randomized controlled trials were included, involving 11 treatments and 192 participants. Overall, with respect to the ingestion of contrast supplements, whey protein supplementation, administered alone or as part of a multi-ingredient, in combination with resistance training, was associated with small extra gains in fat-free mass or lean body mass, resulting in an effect size of g = 0.301, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.032-0.571. Subgroup analyses showed less clear positive trends resulting in small to moderate effect size g = 0.217 (95% CI -0.113 to 0.547) and g = 0.468 (95% CI 0.003-0.934) in favor of whey and multi-ingredient, respectively. Additionally, a positive overall extra effect was also observed to maximize lower (g = 0.316, 95% CI 0.045-0.588) and upper body maximal strength (g = 0.458, 95% CI 0.161-0.755). Subgroup analyses showed smaller superiority to maximize strength gains with respect to the contrast groups for lower body (whey protein: g = 0.343, 95% CI -0.016 to 0.702, multi-ingredient: g = 0.281, 95% CI -0.135 to 0.697) while in the upper body, multi-ingredient (g = 0.612, 95% CI 0.157-1.068) seemed to produce more clear effects than whey protein alone (g = 0.343, 95% CI -0.048 to 0.735).Limitations Studies involving interventions of more than 6 weeks on resistance-training individuals are scarce and account for a small number of participants. Furthermore, no studies with an intervention longer than 12 weeks have been found. The variation regarding the supplementation protocol, namely the different doses criteria or timing of ingestion also add some concerns to the studies comparison.Conclusions Whey protein alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient appears to maximize lean body mass or fat-free mass gain, as well as upper and lower body strength improvement with respect to the ingestion of an iso-energetic equivalent carbohydrate or non-whey protein supplement in resistance-training individuals. This enhancement effect seems to be more evident when whey proteins are consumed within a multi-ingredient containing creatine.
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High-quality protein extracts have been shown to maximize muscle protein synthesis and attenuate muscle protein breakdown during exercise and resting conditions.
“high-quality protein extracts have proven to maximize muscle protein synthesis and attenuate muscle protein breakdown during exercise and resting conditions (Naclerio and Larumbe-Zabala 2016).”
From Effect of a Multi-Ingredient Post-Workout Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Muscle Strength – A Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as Naclerio and Larumbe-Zabala 2016
The Discussion states that whey protein can maximize muscle protein synthesis and attenuate breakdown at rest and following resistance exercise. The claim extends this to high-quality protein extracts generally and says “during exercise,” whereas the cited passage specifically discusses whey and the period following exercise. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNarrative reviews and meta-analyses yield conflicting results as to the effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.
“Despite a large volume of work in this area, narrative reviews1–5 and even meta-analyses6–12 yield conflicting results as to the actual effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.”
The lack of agreement on the efficacy of protein supplementation is likely due to divergent study inclusion criteria and inclusion of subjects with differing ages, training statuses, total protein intakes, protein sources and protein doses.
“This lack of agreement on the efficacy of protein supplementation6–12 is likely due to the use of divergent study inclusion criteria and inclusion of subjects with differing: ages, training statuses, total protein intakes, protein sources and protein doses.”
Previous meta-analyses have observed that an increase in LM is accompanied by significant strength gain after PS + MSE.
“Previous meta-analyses have observed that an increase in LM is accompanied by significant strength gain or function recovery after PS + MSE [14,16,17,18].”
Previous meta-analyses have observed that an increase in LM is accompanied by function recovery after PS + MSE.
“Previous meta-analyses have observed that an increase in LM is accompanied by significant strength gain or function recovery after PS + MSE [14,16,17,18].”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Naclerio, F., & Larumbe-Zabala, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Naclerio, Fernando
- ORCID
- Naclerio, Fernando
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2015-09-24
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 125-137
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- OpenAlex
- W2154445553
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- whey protein supplementation, multi-ingredient supplement, resistance training, fat-free mass, lean body mass, maximal strength, creatine, amino acids, carbohydrate supplementation, muscle hypertrophy, resistance-trained individuals, lower limb strength, upper body strength, anabolic response
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Humans, Body Mass Index, Dietary Supplements, Body Fat Distribution, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training
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