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Cited by 88Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Is an Energy Surplus Required to Maximize Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Associated With Resistance Training

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Slater, Gary John, Dieter, Brad P., Marsh, Damian James, Helms, Eric Russell, Shaw, Gregory, Iraki, Juma·2019·Frontiers in Nutrition
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2019.00131PMC PMC6710320
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Abstract

Resistance training is commonly prescribed to enhance strength/power qualities and is achieved via improved neuromuscular recruitment, fiber type transition, and/ or skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The rate and amount of muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training is influenced by a wide array of variables including the training program, plus training experience, gender, genetic predisposition, and nutritional status of the individual. Various dietary interventions have been proposed to influence muscle hypertrophy, including manipulation of protein intake, specific supplement prescription, and creation of an energy surplus. While recent research has provided significant insight into optimization of dietary protein intake and application of evidence based supplements, the specific energy surplus required to facilitate muscle hypertrophy is unknown. However, there is clear evidence of an anabolic stimulus possible from an energy surplus, even independent of resistance training. Common textbook recommendations are often based solely on the assumed energy stored within the tissue being assimilated. Unfortunately, such guidance likely fails to account for other energetically expensive processes associated with muscle hypertrophy, the acute metabolic adjustments that occur in response to an energy surplus, or individual nuances like training experience and energy status of the individual. Given the ambiguous nature of these calculations, it is not surprising to see broad ranging guidance on energy needs. These estimates have never been validated in a resistance training population to confirm the "sweet spot" for an energy surplus that facilitates optimal rates of muscle gain relative to fat mass. This review not only addresses the influence of an energy surplus on resistance training outcomes, but also explores other pertinent issues, including "how much should energy intake be increased," "where should this extra energy come from," and "when should this extra energy be consumed." Several gaps in the literature are identified, with the hope this will stimulate further research interest in this area. Having a broader appreciation of these issues will assist practitioners in the establishment of dietary strategies that facilitate resistance training adaptations while also addressing other important nutrition related issues such as optimization of fuelling and recovery goals. Practical issues like the management of satiety when attempting to increase energy intake are also addressed.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Slater, G. J., Dieter, B. P., Marsh, D. J., Helms, E. R., Shaw, G., & Iraki, J.
Affiliations
  • University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
  • Washington State University Spokane (US)
  • Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
Corresponding author
Slater, Gary John
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Nutrition
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2019-08-20
Volume
6
Pages
131-131
ISSN
2296-861X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fnut.2019.00131
PMC
PMC6710320
OpenAlex
W2965593626
Cited by
88
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
energy surplus, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, resistance training, energy intake, dietary protein, dietary supplements, fat gain, satiety, training experience, energy status

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