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‘We are all children of war’: a qualitative inquiry into parenting following adolescents’ recent traumatic exposure in a multiple crisis setting in Beirut, Lebanon

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Kerbage, Hala, Elbejjani, Martine, Bazzi, Ola, El-Hage, Wissam, BouKhalil, Rami, Corruble, Emmanuelle, Purper-Ouakil, Diane·2024·European Journal of Psychotraumatology
DOI 10.1080/20008066.2024.2382650PMC PMC11312994
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Abstract

Background: Strong familial bonds are crucial to building resilience among youth exposed to traumatic events in socially adverse environments. Exploring parental experiences in the aftermath of adolescents’ traumatic exposure in these settings would help tailor early interventions.Objective: We qualitatively explored experiences and perceived needs among parents of teenagers aged 11–16 years who were exposed in the last three months to a potentially traumatic event in Beirut, Lebanon.Method: We purposively sampled 28 parents of 24 adolescents meeting the inclusion criteria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and thematic analysis was applied combined with a grounded theory approach.Results: The most frequent traumatic event was direct exposure to the violent clashes that happened in Beirut on 14 October 2021. Parents identified that the recent event exacerbated pre-existing mental health difficulties caused by cumulative stress. They were reminded of their own war experiences and tended to reject the ‘sick role’ associated with trauma. A majority of participants viewed resilience as a fixed trait characteristic of the Lebanese and avoided communication with their children about traumatic memories, while a significant minority criticised resilience as a myth that added pressure on them and had more open communication about trauma. Parenting styles oscillated between controlling behaviours, warmth, and avoidance, which impacted the family dynamic. Despite adversity, most parents tried to cope through social connectedness, humour, and living day by day.Conclusions: Our findings hold implications for contextual adaptations of early posttraumatic interventions aimed at strengthening family support, such as addressing parental mental health; increasing awareness among first-line responders on parents’ potential representations of trauma and resilience; addressing the issue of controlling parenting; and including a component in psychoeducation on traumatic stress that validates the impact of daily stressors on mental health while avoiding direct labelling. Further research is needed to validate the impact of these domains.

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  • These caregiving styles have corresponded with increased internalizing and externalizing symptoms in offspring, reduced parental bonding, and family dysfunction.

    “These caregiving styles have corresponded with increased internalizing and externalizing symptoms in offspring, reduced parental bonding, and family dysfunction (114, 115).”

    From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [114]

    The Results (Themes and subthemes; page unavailable) report that inconsistent parenting affected parent–child relationships and family dynamics, supporting the bonding and family-functioning portions of the claim. They describe adolescents’ emotional and behavioural difficulties, but do not establish that these caregiving styles corresponded with increased internalizing and externalizing symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Fluctuating parenting behaviors characterized by shifts between warmth, avoidance, and control have been reported in families exposed to ongoing conflict.

    “Fluctuating parenting behaviors characterized by shifts between warmth, avoidance, and control have also been reported in families exposed to ongoing conflict (114).”

    From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [114]

  • Across conflict-affected populations, exposure to active combat or chronic threat has been associated with harsh, inconsistent, diminished warmth, or overprotective parenting patterns.

    “Across conflict-affected populations, exposure to active combat or chronic threat has been associated with harsh, inconsistent, diminished warmth, or overprotective parenting patterns (113–115).”

    From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [114]

  • Human sample sizes are frequently modest, with many studies enrolling fewer than 100 participants.

    “Human sample sizes are frequently modest, with many studies enrolling fewer than 100 participants (38, 81, 114).”

    From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [114]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kerbage, H., Elbejjani, M., Bazzi, O., El-Hage, W., BouKhalil, R., Corruble, E., & Purper-Ouakil, D.
Affiliations
  • Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
  • American University of Beirut (LB)
  • Regional Trauma Center CRP-CVL
  • Saint-Joseph University; Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital
  • Inserm (FR)
  • Saint Eloi University Hospital
Corresponding author
Kerbage, Hala
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2024-08-08
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
2382650-2382650
ISSN
2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1080/20008066.2024.2382650
PMC
PMC11312994
OpenAlex
W4401430014
Cited by
15
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1
FWCI
7.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
parental experiences, war trauma, resilience, parenting styles, controlling parenting, parental mental health, cumulative stress, sick role, family support, Beirut
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Parenting, Qualitative Research, Resilience, Psychological

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