The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma
Open accessAbstract
Trauma in childhood is a psychosocial, medical, and public policy problem with serious consequences for its victims and for society. Chronic interpersonal violence in children is common worldwide. Developmental traumatology, the systemic investigation of the psychiatric and psychobiological effects of chronic overwhelming stress on the developing child, provides a framework and principles when empirically examining the neurobiological effects of pediatric trauma. This article focuses on peer-reviewed literature on the neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma in children and in adults with histories of childhood trauma.
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The traumatic stress response in children is embedded within three major circuits: the HPA axis, the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.
“most agree that it is embedded within three major circuits: the HPA axis, the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex.”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction and the LHPA-axis section describe an interacting stress response involving the LHPA axis, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. They do not identify these as the three major circuits or establish that this is a consensus view; the Introduction also emphasizes other stress-response systems, including the sympathetic nervous system. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExperiences of adverse events can become biologically consolidated, creating individual vulnerability to psychological and psychiatric issues later in life.
“Such experiences can become biologically consolidated, creating individual vulnerability to psychological and psychiatric issues later in life.”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Multiple neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic, opioid, and dopaminergic systems, have each been linked to specific symptom clusters in PTSD.
“Multiple neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic, opioid, and dopaminergic systems, have each been linked to specific symptom clusters in PTSD (De Bellis and Zisk, 2014).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as De Bellis and Zisk, 2014
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Bethell, C. D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., & Halfon, N. (2014) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
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Su, S., Jimenez, M. P., Roberts, C. T. F., & Loucks, E. B. (2015) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-015-0645-1 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Morey, R. A., Haswell, C. C., Hooper, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.205 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
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“Experiences of adverse events can become biologically consolidated, creating individual vulnerability to an array of psychological issues later in life (3, 4).”
BackgroundDNA methylation, early life environment, and health outcomes
Mitchell, C., Schneper, L. M., & Notterman, D. A. (2016) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2015.193 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., & Parade, S. H. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000870 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Chamberlain, C., Gee, G., Harfield, S., Campbell, S., Brennan, S., Clark, Y., Mensah, F., Arabena, K., Herrman, H., Brown, S., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213460 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
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Exposure to childhood abuse is associated with human sperm DNA methylation
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Self-citationChild sexual abuse, disclosure and PTSD: A systematic and critical review
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Childhood trauma and HPA axis functionality in offspring of bipolar parents
Schreuder, M. M., Vinkers, C. H., Mesman, E., Claes, S., Nolen, W. A., & Hillegers, M. H. J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.017 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Phillips, R. D., De Bellis, M. D., Brumback, T., Clausen, A. N., Clarke-Rubright, E. K., Haswell, C. C., & Morey, R. A. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01275-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Ferrara, P., Cammisa, I., Zona, M., Pacucci, I., Grimaldi, M. T., Scaltrito, F., Giardino, I., Verrotti, A., & Pettoello-Mantovani, M. (2025) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733963316599240704061209 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Zisk, Abigail
- Venue
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-222
- ISSN
- 1056-4993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3968319
- OpenAlex
- W2070012950
- Cited by
- 892
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA028773)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- childhood trauma, neurobiological effects, chronic stress, interpersonal violence, psychobiological effects, psychiatric sequelae, public policy
- MeSH terms
- Catecholamines, Child, Child Abuse, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune System, Life Change Events, Locus Coeruleus, Oxytocin, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System, Epigenesis, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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