Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse: Results From the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: It is important to estimate the burden of and trends for violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of children. OBJECTIVE: To provide health care professionals, policy makers, and parents with current estimates of exposure to violence, crime, and abuse across childhood and at different developmental stages. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) includes a representative sample of US telephone numbers from August 28, 2013, to April 30, 2014. Via telephone interviews, information was obtained on 4000 children 0 to 17 years old, with information about exposure to violence, crime, and abuse provided by youth 10 to 17 years old and by caregivers for children 0 to 9 years old. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Exposure to violence, crime, and abuse using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, 37.3% of youth experienced a physical assault in the study year, and 9.3% of youth experienced an assault-related injury. Two percent of girls experienced sexual assault or sexual abuse in the study year, while the rate was 4.6% for girls 14 to 17 years old. Overall, 15.2% of children and youth experienced maltreatment by a caregiver, including 5.0% who experienced physical abuse. In total, 5.8% witnessed an assault between parents. Only 2 significant rate changes could be detected compared with the last survey in 2011, namely, declines in past-year exposure to dating violence and lifetime exposure to household theft. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Children and youth are exposed to violence, abuse, and crime in varied and extensive ways, which justifies continued monitoring and prevention efforts.
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Childhood adversities are widely prevalent and often co-occur in general populations.
“Childhood adversities are widely prevalent and often co-occur in general populations (Kessler et al. 1997; Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as Finkelhor et al. 2015
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Lei, H., Mao, W., Cheong, C. M., Wen, Y., Cui, Y., & Cai, Z. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00407-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In particular, a large-scale survey involving 4000 children was conducted from August 2013 to April 2014, and the same decline was observed for general bullying (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundIngram, K. M., Espelage, D. L., Davis, J. P., & Merrin, G. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00026 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Prior work suggests that sibling aggression is a highly prevalent form of family violence: between 30 and 80% of youth between ages 3 and 17 report being physically assaulted at least once by a sibling during their lifetime (9, 10).”
BackgroundWhitten, T., Tzoumakis, S., Green, M. J., & Dean, K. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231179133 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“…based on an estimated exposure prevalence of 25%; a figure derived from a survey of 4,000 children on their experiences of any type of child maltreatment, including both non-family violence (i.e. forms of violence not perpetrated by family members) and family violence (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEconomics of Child Protection: Maltreatment, Foster Care, and Intimate Partner Violence
Doyle, J. J., & Aizer, A. (2018) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053237 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Finkelhor et al. (2015) conducted a phone survey of children and found 15% reporting maltreatment in a given year with 38% of 14-17 year olds reporting having ever experienced abuse or neglect.”
BackgroundTrauma-Sensitive Schools and Social Justice: A Critical Analysis
Gherardi, S. A., Flinn, R., & Jaure, V. B. (2020) · The Urban review · doi:10.1007/s11256-020-00553-3
Garandeau, C. F., Laninga‐Wijnen, L., & Salmivalli, C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1846541 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Our sample included participants from middle childhood to middle adolescence, which is the developmental period when school bullying tends to be most prevalent (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMathews, B., Finkelhor, D., Pacella, R., Scott, J. G., Higgins, D. J., Meinck, F., Erskine, H. E., Thomas, H. J., Lawrence, D., Malacova, E., et al. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106562 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bottiani, J. H., Camacho, D. A., Johnson, S. L., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13392 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Panagou, C., & MacBeth, A. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2732 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Exposure to childhood adversity and its associated consequences constitutes a global problem (e.g., Finkelhor et al., 2015; Kessler et al., 2010; Lewis et al., 2019; Manyema & Richter, 2019).”
BackgroundDavis, J. P., Ingram, K. M., Merrin, G. J., & Espelage, D. L. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12493 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“– which is consistent with recent prevalence estimates that a larger proportion of youth report exposure to violence in the home compared to community (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Macmillan & Hagan, 2004).”
BackgroundResultCOVID-19: Differences in sentinel injury and child abuse reporting during a pandemic
Sharma, S., Wong, D., Schomberg, J., Knudsen-Robbins, C., Gibbs, D., Berkowitz, C. D., & Heyming, T. W. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104990 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Trouble in the nest: Antecedents of sibling bullying victimization and perpetration.
Dantchev, S., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000700 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A systematic review of factors associated with disclosure of child sexual abuse
Latiff, M. A., Fang, L., Goh, D. A., & Tan, L. J. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106564 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Scope, Nature, and Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect
Font, S. A., & Maguire‐Jack, K. (2020) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716220969642 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Enrique Gracia, A., López‐Quílez, A., Marco, M., & Lila, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198684 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Wood, L., Baumler, E. R., Schrag, R. V., Guillot-Wright, S. P., Hairston, D., Temple, J. R., & Torres, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00240-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Brown, E. C. B., Garrison, M. M., Bao, H., Qu, P., Jenny, C., & Rowhani‐Rahbar, A. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5529 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
van Berkel, S. R., Tucker, C. J., & David Finkelhor, B. (2018) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559517751670 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…national survey to obtain incidence and prevalence estimates of a wide range of childhood victimization types in the United States consisting of 4,000 completed interviews of children and adolescents aged 0–17 years from August 28, 2013, to April 30, 2014 (for details, see Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDavis, J. P., Ports, K. A., Basile, K. C., Espelage, D. L., & David-Ferdon, C. F. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01028-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Adolescents are also likely to experience indirect violence in their lifetime with over 32% reporting witnessing family assault, 25% witnessing partner assault, and almost 58% witnessing assaults in the community (e.g., seeing someone get attacked, hearing gun shots) (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, R., Gillespie, A. L., Zhao, Y., Xi, Y., Ren, Y., & McLean, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00534 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“A similar telephone survey study (Finkelhor et al., 2015) of 4,000 children aged 0–17 years old, also found that 15.2% had experienced maltreatment by the caregiver (including 5% who had experienced physical abuse), 5.8% had witnessed domestic violence between parents and 2% of girls had…”
BackgroundInfluentialCollins, E. A., Cody, A. M., McDonald, S. E., Nicotera, N., Ascione, F. R., & Williams, J. H. (2017) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801217697266 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Keding, T. J., Heyn, S. A., Russell, J. D., Zhu, X., Cisler, J. M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Herringa, R. J. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081192 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Exposure to potentially traumatic events during childhood is pervasive, with two-thirds of children experiencing violence (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or witnessing community or domestic violence) by age 16 (1).”
BackgroundSocial and Structural Determinants of Community Firearm Violence and Community Trauma
Buggs, S. A. L., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., & Lund, J. J. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231173324 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…survey administered in 2013 to 2014, when rates of firearm violence were relatively low, estimated that approximately 8 percent of children and teens and 13 percent of the subset of those ages 14 to 17 reported hearing gunshots or seeing someone shot over their lifetime (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe Legacy of Early Abuse and Neglect for Social and Academic Competence From Childhood to Adulthood
Raby, K. L., Roisman, G. I., Labella, M. H., Martin, J., Fraley, R. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13033 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Beck, A. F., Huang, B., Ryan, P., Sandel, M. T., Chen, C., & Kahn, R. S. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.018 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kataoka, S., Vona, P., Acuña, A., Jaycox, L. H., Escudero, P., Rojas, C., Ramirez, E., Langley, A. K., & Stein, B. D. (2018) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.28.s2.417 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Pediatric firearm injuries: Racial disparities and predictors of healthcare outcomes
Hughes, B. D., Cummins, C. B., Shan, Y., Mehta, H. B., Radhakrishnan, R. S., & Bowen, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.021 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Unintentional injuries are most commonly the result of a child playing with a firearm or presenting it to other children, resulting in accidental discharge of the weapon [2].”
BackgroundDavis, J. P., Dworkin, E. R., Helton, J., Prindle, J., Patel, S., Dumas, T. M., & Miller, S. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Economic Burden of Child Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in the United States
Holmes, M. R., Richter, F., Votruba, M. E., Berg, K. A., & Bender, A. E. (2018) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-018-9954-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“1 3 Americans enter young adulthood having been exposed to IPV in childhood (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Human Rights
Dudgeon, P., Carey, T. A., Hammond, S., Hirvonen, T., Kyrios, M., Roufeil, L., & Smith, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Identifying children exposed to maltreatment: a systematic review update
McTavish, J. R., González, A., Santesso, N. A., MacGregor, J. C. D., McKee, C., & MacMillan, H. L. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-2015-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Bidirectional Association Between Bullying Perpetration and Internalizing Problems Among Youth
Silva, M. A. D., Gonzalez, J. C., Person, G. L., & Martins, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.022 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“These include: the School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey [3], the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) [4], the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) [24], the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey (HBSC) [5,25], and the National Survey of Children’s Hea…”
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“In addition, students of dominant backgrounds (e.g., students who are white and/or affluent) are also likely to have experienced trauma (Finkelhor et al., 2015), where such considerations also apply to their well-being.”
BackgroundChanging the Odds for Vulnerable Children
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How Teachers Deal with Cases of Bullying at School: What Victims Say
Rigby, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072338 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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Rienecke, R. D., Johnson, C., Grange, D. L., Manwaring, J. L., Mehler, P. S., Duffy, A., McClanahan, S. F., & Blalock, D. V. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00594-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hazzard, V. M., Bauer, K. W., Mukherjee, B., Miller, A. L., & Sonneville, K. R. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104171 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Risky Sexual Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis
Wang, Z.-Y., Hu, M., Yu, T., & Yang, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193666 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Sewanee: The University of the South (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-08-01
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 746
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- OpenAlex
- W1840653868
- Cited by
- 1,264
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 86.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- childhood exposure to violence, child abuse, physical assault, sexual assault, dating violence, witnessing domestic violence, prevalence trends, Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, child and adolescent health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Crime, Female, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Offenses, United States, Violence, Domestic Violence
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