Translation reinitiation at alternative open reading frames regulates gene expression in an integrated stress response
Open accessAbstract
Stress-induced eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) α phosphorylation paradoxically increases translation of the metazoan activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), activating the integrated stress response (ISR), a pro-survival gene expression program. Previous studies implicated the 5′ end of the ATF4 mRNA, with its two conserved upstream ORFs (uORFs), in this translational regulation. Here, we report on mutation analysis of the ATF4 mRNA which revealed that scanning ribosomes initiate translation efficiently at both uORFs and ribosomes that had translated uORF1 efficiently reinitiate translation at downstream AUGs. In unstressed cells, low levels of eIF2α phosphorylation favor early capacitation of such reinitiating ribosomes directing them to the inhibitory uORF2, which precludes subsequent translation of ATF4 and represses the ISR. In stressed cells high levels of eIF2α phosphorylation delays ribosome capacitation and favors reinitiation at ATF4 over the inhibitory uORF2. These features are common to regulated translation of GCN4 in yeast. The metazoan ISR thus resembles the yeast general control response both in its target genes and its mechanistic details.
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Selected mRNAs must be able to bypass translational arrest, and it has been suggested that those containing small upstream open reading frames (uORFs) within their 5'-UTR regions or internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequences are able to do so.
“Selected mRNAs must therefore be able to bypass this translational arrest, and it has been suggested that those containing small upstream open reading frames (uORFs) within their 5'-UTR regions or internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequences are able to do so (278, 349).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [349]
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- Authors
- Lu, P. D., Harding, H. P., & Ron, D.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ron, David
- Venue
- The Journal of Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2004-10-11
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-33
- ISSN
- 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8140
- PMC
- PMC2172506
- OpenAlex
- W2048551040
- Cited by
- 1,006
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 12.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- Ariad Pharmaceuticals
- National Institutes of Health (DK47119)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-47119, R37DK047119, R01DK047119)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES 08681, R01ES008681)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- integrated stress response, ATF4, eIF2α phosphorylation, translation reinitiation, upstream open reading frames, alternative translation initiation, ribosome scanning, GCN4, gene expression regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Fibroblasts, Gene Expression Regulation, Cricetinae, Humans, Phosphorylation, Polyribosomes, Ribosomes, RNA, Messenger, Stress, Physiological, Transfection, Protein Biosynthesis, Immunoblotting, Blotting, Northern, Transcriptional Activation, Open Reading Frames, CHO Cells, Genes, Reporter, Immunoprecipitation, Mice
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