The integrated stress response
Open accessAbstract
In response to diverse stress stimuli, eukaryotic cells activate a common adaptive pathway, termed the integrated stress response (ISR), to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event in this pathway is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) by one of four members of the eIF2α kinase family, which leads to a decrease in global protein synthesis and the induction of selected genes, including the transcription factor ATF4, that together promote cellular recovery. The gene expression program activated by the ISR optimizes the cellular response to stress and is dependent on the cellular context, as well as on the nature and intensity of the stress stimuli. Although the ISR is primarily a pro-survival, homeostatic program, exposure to severe stress can drive signaling toward cell death. Here, we review current understanding of the ISR signaling and how it regulates cell fate under diverse types of stress.
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Oxidative stress activates four kinases (GCN2, PKR, HRI, PERK) that initiate the integrated stress response by regulating phosphorylation of eIF2α.
“For example, oxidative stress activates four kinases (GCN2, PKR, HRI, PERK) that initiate the ISR by regulating the phosphorylation of the cytosolic translation elongation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) (Pakos-Zebrucka et al., 2016).”
From Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact (2020) · cites this paper as Pakos-Zebrucka et al., 2016
The Activation section says all four eIF2α kinases become activated in response to oxidative stress, and the figure description says they converge on eIF2α phosphorylation at the core of the ISR. However, the citing sentence calls eIF2α a translation *elongation* factor; the Introduction identifies it as a translation *initiation* factor. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Scheuner D, Song B, McEwen E, Liu C, Laybutt R, Gillespie P, Saunders T, Bonner-Weir S, Kaufman RJ (2001) Translational control is required ª 2016 The Authors EMBO reports Vol 17 | No 10 | 2016 126.
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“As proteasome defects lead to compensatory responses like activation of autophagy, the integrated stress response, and Nrf1 transcriptional programmes [31, 39, 40], it is possible that some of the consequences of these proteasome mutations may be driven by hyperactive compensatory programmes.”
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- Authors
- Pakos‐Zebrucka, K., Koryga, I., Mnich, K., Ljujic, M., Samali, A., & Gorman, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Venue
- The EMBO Reports
- Published
- 2016-09-14
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1374-1395
- ISSN
- 1469-221X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-3178
- PMC
- PMC5048378
- OpenAlex
- W2518959324
- Cited by
- 2,659
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 395 · 2025: 340 · 2024: 353 · 2023: 339 · 2022: 297 · 2021: 297 · 2020: 253 · 2019: 173 · 2018: 126 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 13.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- EMBO Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- EMBO Reports (submittedVersion)
- University of Galway Research Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Health Research Board (HRA/2009/59, HRA‐POR‐2014‐643)
- Belgian Science Policy Office Interuniversity Attraction Poles program (IAP 7/32)
- Breast Cancer Campaign (2010NovPR13)
- Science Foundation Ireland (13/RC/2073)
- Irish Research Council (GOIPG/2014/508, GOIPD/2014/53)
- Thomas Crawford Hayes Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- integrated stress response, eIF2α phosphorylation, eIF2α kinase, ATF4, stress adaptation, cellular homeostasis, cell death signaling, cell fate, gene expression regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Homeostasis, Humans, Protein Binding, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Stress, Physiological, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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