O2constraints from Paleoproterozoic detrital pyrite and uraninite
Abstract
Redox-sensitive detrital grains such as pyrite and uraninite in sedimentary successions provide one of the most conspicuous geological clues to a different composition of the Archean and early Paleoproterozoic atmosphere. Today, these minerals are rapidly chemically weathered within short transport distances. Prior to the rise of oxygen, low O_2 concentrations allowed their survival in siliciclastic deposits with grain erosion tied only to physical transport processes. After the rise of oxygen, redox-sensitive detrital grains effectively vanish from the sedimentary record. To get a better understanding of the timing of this transition, we examined sandstones recorded in a scientific drill core from the South African 2.415 Ga Koegas Subgroup, a mixed siliciclastic and iron formation–bearing unit deposited on the western deltaic margin of the Kaapvaal craton in early Paleoproterozoic time. We observed detrital pyrite and uraninite grains throughout all investigated sandstone beds in the section, indicating the rise of oxygen is younger than 2.415 Ga. To better understand how observations of detrital pyrite and uraninite in sedimentary rocks can quantitatively constrain Earth surface redox conditions, we constructed a model of grain erosion from chemical weathering and physical abrasion to place an upper limit on ancient environmental O_2 concentrations. Even conservative model calculations for deltaic depositional systems with sufficient transport distances (approximately hundreds of kilometers) show that redox-sensitive detrital grains are remarkably sensitive to environmental O_2 concentrations, and they constrain the Archean and early Paleoproterozoic atmosphere to have <3.2 × 10^(–5) atm of molecular O_2. These levels are lower than previously hypothesized for redox-sensitive detrital grains, but they are consistent with estimates made from other redox proxy data, including the anomalous fractionation of sulfur isotopes. The binary loss of detrital pyrite and uraninite from the sedimentary record coincident with the rise of oxygen indicates that atmospheric O_2 concentrations rose substantially at this time and were never again sufficiently low (<0.01 atm) to enable survival and preservation of these grains in short transport systems.
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Anoxia proxies include the lack of pre-GOE continental redbeds, detrital grains of siderite, uraninite, or pyrite that would oxidize at high pO2, and paleosols with iron washed out by anoxic rainwater.
“Anoxia proxies that have long been recognized include the lack of pre-GOE continental sediments stained by red ferric oxides (redbeds), detrital grains from well-aerated rivers of siderite (FeCO3), uraninite (UO2), or pyrite that would oxidize and dissolve or rust at high pO2 (65, 66), and paleosols with iron washed out by anoxic rainwater [e.g., (67)].”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
The pO2 constraint is generally consistent with apparent loss of detrital reduced minerals from coarse-grained coastal fluvial and marine sediments and evidence for iron oxidation in the terrestrial realm.
“This is generally consistent with an apparent loss of detrital reduced minerals from coarse-grained coastal fluvial and marine sediments ( Johnson et al. 2014, Rasmussen & Buick 1999, Roscoe & Minter 1993) and evidence for iron oxidation in the terrestrial realm (Holland 1984, Rye & Holland 1998).”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Johnson et al. 2014
The absence of detrital pyrite and uraninite after ∼2.1 Ga suggests pO2>0.05 PAL.
“the absence of detrital pyrite and uraninite after ∼2.1 Ga suggests9 pO2>0.05 PAL”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
For rivers with short transport distances, often found in the most rapidly eroding terrains such as volcanic arc islands, some pyrite would survive oxidation at pO2<0.05 PAL.
“Existing work9 estimates that for rivers with short transport distances, often found in the most rapidly eroding terrains (for example, on volcanic arc islands), some of this pyrite would survive oxidation at pO2<0.05 PAL.”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Redox-sensitive proxies are controlled by fluvial transport times and corresponding oxygen exposure, not by time spent in the weathering environment.
“namely that they are controlled by fluvial transport times and corresponding oxygen exposure9, not by time spent in the weathering environment (as has erroneously been assumed in previous simpler models1458)”
From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
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Lenton, T. M., Daines, S. J., & Mills, B. J. W. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.004 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Manganese mineralogy and diagenesis in the sedimentary rock record
Johnson, J. E., Webb, S. M., Ma, C., & Fischer, W. W. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.027 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationDaines, S. J., Mills, B. J. W., & Lenton, T. M. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14379 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Dahl, T. W., & Arens, S. K. M. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119665 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
A redox-stratified ocean 3.2 billion years ago
Satkoski, A. M., Beukes, N. J., Li, W., Beard, B. L., & Johnson, C. M. (2015) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.08.007 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The rise of oxygen and siderite oxidation during the Lomagundi Event
Bachan, A., & Kump, L. R. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1422319112 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A theory of atmospheric oxygen
Laakso, T. A., & Schrag, D. P. (2017) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12230 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The History of Ocean Oxygenation
Reinhard, C. T., & Planavsky, N. J. (2022) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-031721-104005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Selenium isotopes support free O2 in the latest Archean
Stüeken, E. E., Buick, R., & Anbar, A. D. (2015) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g36218.1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Pasquier, V., Fike, D. A., Révillon, S., & Halevy, I. (2022) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2022.08.037 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Constraining crustal silica on ancient Earth
Keller, C. B., & Harrison, T. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2009431117 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Constraints on hydrogen levels in the Archean atmosphere based on detrital magnetite
Kadoya, S., & Catling, D. C. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.07.041 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Johnson, J. E., Gerpheide, A., Lamb, M. P., & Fischer, W. W.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Geological Society of America Bulletin
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2014-02-27
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 813-830
- ISSN
- 0016-7606 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2674
- OpenAlex
- W2155549301
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geological Society of America Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agouron Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- chemical weathering, Kaapvaal Craton, deltaic sandstones, iron-formation, sulfur isotope fractionation
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