RE-ASSEMBLING THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY
Open accessAbstract
What was the mass of the progenitor of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy? Here, we reassemble the stellar debris using Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Two Micron All-Sky Survey data to find the total luminosity and likely mass. We find that the luminosity is in the range (9.6–13.2) × 10 7 L ☉ or M V ∼ −15.1 to −15.5, with 70% of the light residing in the debris streams. The progenitor is somewhat fainter than the present-day Small Magellanic Cloud, and comparable in brightness to the M31 dwarf spheroidals NGC 147 and NGC 185. Using cosmologically motivated models, we estimate that the mass of Sgr's dark matter halo prior to tidal disruption was ∼10 10 M ☉ .
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Sesar, B., Hernitschek, N., Dierickx, M. I. P., Fardal, M. A., & Rix, H.-W. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa7c61 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Geometry of the Sagittarius Stream from Pan-STARRS1 3π RR Lyrae
Hernitschek, N., Sesar, B., Rix, H.-W., Belokurov, V., Martinez-Delgado, D., Martin, N. F., Kaiser, N., Hodapp, K., Chambers, K. C., Wainscoat, R., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa960c · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobular clusters in the Sagittarius stream
Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R., Malhan, K., Martin, N. F., Famaey, B., & Thomas, G. F. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037621
THE K GIANT STARS FROM THE LAMOST SURVEY DATA. I. IDENTIFICATION, METALLICITY, AND DISTANCE
Liu, C., Deng, L., Carlin, J. L., Smith, M. C., Li, J., Newberg, H. J., Gao, S., Yang, F., Xue, X.-X., Xu, Y., et al. (2014) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Velocity substructure from Gaia and direct searches for dark matter
O’Hare, C. A. J., Evans, N. W., McCabe, C., Myeong, G., & Belokurov, V. A. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.101.023006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE METAL-POOR KNEE IN THE FORNAX DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY
Hendricks, B., Koch, A., Lanfranchi, G. A., Boeche, C., Walker, M. G., Johnson, C. I., Peñarrubia, J., & Gilmore, G. F. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/785/2/102 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationBailing out the Milky Way: variation in the properties of massive dwarfs among galaxy-sized systems
Purcell, C. W., & Zentner, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/12/007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The α-element knee of the Sagittarius stream
de Boer, T. J. L., Belokurov, V. A., Beers, T. C., & Lee, Y. S. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1176 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationSTELLAR POPULATION VARIATIONS IN THE MILKY WAY's STELLAR HALO
Bell, E. F., Xue, X. X., Rix, H.-W., Ruhland, C., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1850 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kirby, E. N., Gilbert, K. M., Escala, I., Wojno, J., Guhathakurta, P., Majewski, S. R., & Beaton, R. L. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5f0f · Cited by 61 · see citing works
2011. The mechanics of tidal streamsPreprint
Eyre, A., & Binney, J. (2016) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dark matter direct search rates in simulations of the Milky Way and Sagittarius stream
Purcell, C. W., Zentner, A. R., & Wang, M.-Y. (2012) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/08/027 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SAGITTARIUS STELLAR STREAM AS TRACED BY BLUE HORIZONTAL BRANCH STARS
Ruhland, C., Bell, E. F., Rix, H., & Xue, X.-X. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/731/2/119 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dooley, G. A., Peter, A. H. G., Yang, T., Willman, B., Griffen, B. F., & Frebel, A. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1900 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chemical Abundances of Hydrostatic and Explosive Alpha-elements in Sagittarius Stream Stars
Carlin, J., Sheffield, A., Cunha, K., & Smith, V. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aac3d8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
NO EVIDENCE FOR INTERNAL ROTATION IN THE REMNANT CORE OF THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF
Peñarrubia, J., Zucker, D. B., Irwin, M. J., Hyde, E. A., Lane, R. R., Lewis, G. F., Gilmore, G. F., Evans, N. W., & Belokurov, V. A. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/727/1/l2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe kinematic properties of Milky Way stellar halo populations
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3755 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A Pan-STARRS1 VIEW OF THE BIFURCATED SAGITTARIUS STREAM
Slater, C. T., Bell, E. F., Schlafly, E. F., Jurić, M., Martin, N. F., Rix, H., Bernard, E. J., Burgett, W. S., Chambers, K. C., Finkbeiner, D. P., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/762/1/6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fossil stellar streams and their globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
Hughes, M. E., Pfeffer, J., Martig, M., Bastian, N., Crain, R. A., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Reina-Campos, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2889 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Stellar streams as gravitational experiments
Thomas, G. F., Famaey, B., Ibata, R., Lüghausen, F., & Kroupa, P. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730531 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Unmixing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae tagging
Belokurov, V. A., Deason, A. J., Koposov, S. E., Catelan, M., Erkal, D., Drake, A. J., & Evans, N. W. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty615 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSiegel, M. H., Majewski, S. R., Law, D. R., Sarajedini, A., Dotter, A., Marín-Franch, A., Chaboyer, B., Anderson, J., Aparicio, A., Bedin, L. R., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/743/1/20 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy: where did all the gas go?
Tepper-García, T., & Bland‐Hawthorn, J. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1359 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sesar, B., Hernitschek, N., Dierickx, M., Fardal, M. A., & Rix, H. (2017) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Diffuse Metal-poor Component of the Sagittarius Stream Revealed by the H3 Survey
Johnson, B. D., Conroy, C., Naidu, R. P., Bonaca, A., Zaritsky, D., Ting, Y.-S., Cargile, P. A., Han, J., & Speagle, J. S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abab08 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Stellar population variations in the Milky Way's stellar halo
Bell, E. F., Xue, X.-X., Rix, H., Ruhland, C., & Hogg, D. W. (2010) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A tale twice told: the luminosity profiles of the Sagittarius tails
Niederste-Ostholt, M., Belokurov, V., & Evans, N. W. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20602.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Upper Limit on the Milky Way Mass from the Orbit of the Sagittarius Dwarf Satellite
Dierickx, M., & Loeb, A. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8767 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fardal, M. A., van der Marel, R. P., Law, D. R., Sohn, S. T., Sesar, B., Hernitschek, N., & Rix, H.-W. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3428 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pfeffer, J., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., Hughes, M. E., Reina-Campos, M., & Bastian, N. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3109 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Correnti, M., Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R., Ferraro, F. R., & Varghese, A. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/1/329 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
del Pino, A., Fardal, M. A., van der Marel, R. P., Łokas, E. L., Mateu, C., & Sohn, S. T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd5bf · Cited by 37 · see citing works
On the Stability of Tidal Streams in Action Space
Arora, A., Sanderson, R. E., Panithanpaisal, N., Cunningham, E. C., Wetzel, A. R., & Garavito-Camargo, N. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac93fb · Cited by 37 · see citing works
SAGITTARIUS STREAM THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS FROM SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY STRIPE 82
Koposov, S. E., Belokurov, V., & Evans, N. W. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/766/2/79 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrenti, M., Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R., Ferraro, F. R., & Varghese, A. (2010) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
NEW INSIGHTS ON THE FORMATION AND ASSEMBLY OF M83 FROM DEEP NEAR-INFRARED IMAGING
Barnes, K. L., van Zee, L., Dale, D. A., Staudaher, S., Bullock, J. S., Calzetti, D., Chandar, R., & Dalcanton, J. J. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/2/126 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
TIDAL IMPRINTS OF A DARK SUB-HALO ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF THE MILKY WAY. II. PERTURBER AZIMUTH
Chakrabarti, S., & Blitz, L. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/731/1/40 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
HUNTING THE MOST DISTANT STARS IN THE MILKY WAY: METHODS AND INITIAL RESULTS
Bochanski, J. J., Willman, B., West, A. A., Strader, J., & Chomiuk, L. (2014) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/76 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exposing Sgr tidal debris behind the Galactic disc with M giants selected in WISE 2MASS
Koposov, S. E., Belokurov, V. A., Zucker, D. B., Lewis, G. F., Ibata, R., Olszewski, E. W., López-Sánchez, Á. R., & Hyde, E. A. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2263 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of a massive Sagittarius dSph on GD-1-like streams
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., & Price-Whelan, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2311 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal stellar formation history from the 40 pc white dwarf sample
Cukanovaite, E., Tremblay, P.-E., Toonen, S., Temmink, K., Manser, C. J., O’Brien, M. W., & McCleery, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Re-examining the too-big-to-fail problem for dark matter haloes with central density cores
Ogiya, G., & Burkert, A. M. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2283 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
THE MASSIVE SATELLITE POPULATION OF MILKY-WAY-SIZED GALAXIES
Rodríguez-Puebla, A., Ávila-Reese, V., & Drory, N. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/773/2/172 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A new calibration for the Blue Horizontal Branch
Fermani, F., & Schönrich, R. A. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts703 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clean catalogues of blue horizontal-branch stars using Gaia EDR3
Culpan, R., Pelisoli, I., & Geier, S. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040074 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Finding halo streams with a pencil-beam survey
Pila-Díez, B., Kuijken, K. H., de Jong, J. T. A., Hoekstra, H., & van der Burg, R. F. J. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323000 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Viana, A., Medina, M. C., Peñarrubia, J., Brun, P., Glicenstein, J. F., Kosack, K., Moulin, E., Naumann-Godó, M., & Peyaud, B. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/746/1/77 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThree-dimensional structure of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal core from RR Lyrae
Ferguson, P. S., & Strigari, L. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1404 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
SELECTING SAGITTARIUS: IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SAGITTARIUS STREAM
Hyde, E. A., Keller, S., Zucker, D. B., Ibata, R., Siebert, A., Lewis, G. F., Penarrubia, J., Irwin, M., Gilmore, G., Lane, R. R., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/2/189 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Sagittarius Dwarf Tidal Stream(s)
Law, D. R., & Majewski, S. R. (2015) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19336-6_2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Weighing Milky Way satellites with LISA
Korol, V., Belokurov, V. A., Moore, C. J., & Toonen, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slab003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE MERGER HISTORY, ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS, AND DWARF GALAXIES OF HICKSON COMPACT GROUP 59
Konstantopoulos, I. S., Gallagher, S. C., Fedotov, K., Durrell, P. R., Tzanavaris, P., Hill, A. R., Zabludoff, A. I., Maier, M. L., Elmegreen, D. M., Charlton, J. C., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/745/1/30 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
VISTA's view of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy and southern Galactic Bulge
McDonald, I., Zijlstra, A. A., Sloan, G. C., Kerins, E. J., Lagadec, E., Minniti, D., Santucho, M. V., Gurovich, S., & Domínguez, M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1576 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dwarfs in the Milky Way halo outer rim: first infall or backsplash satellites?
Blaña, M., Burkert, A. M., Fellhauer, M., Schartmann, M., & Alig, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2153 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Massive Satellite Population Of Milky-Way-Sized Galaxies
Drory, N. (2016) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · doi:10.15781/t29v40 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Phase spirals in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-sized galaxies
García-Conde, B., Roca-Fàbrega, S., Antoja, T., Ramos, P., & Valenzuela, O. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3417 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Revisiting a disky origin for the faint branch of the Sagittarius stellar streamPreprint
Oria, P.-A., Ibata, R., Ramos, P., Famaey, B., & Errani, R. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac738c · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Niederste-Ostholt, M., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., & Peñarrubia, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2010-03-03
- Volume
- 712
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 516-526
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2045041357
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/H00243X/1, PP/E00105X/1, ST/H001913/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, progenitor mass, tidal disruption, halo mass, dwarf spheroidal galaxies, Small Magellanic Cloud, NGC 147, NGC 185, Galactic halo
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