First accuracy evaluation of NIST-F2
Open accessAbstract
We report the first accuracy evaluation of NIST-F2, a second-generation laser-cooled caesium fountain primary standard developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with a cryogenic (liquid nitrogen) microwave cavity and flight region. The 80 K atom interrogation environment reduces the uncertainty due to the blackbody radiation shift by more than a factor of 50. Also, the Ramsey microwave cavity exhibits a high quality factor (>50 000) at this low temperature, resulting in a reduced distributed cavity phase shift. NIST-F2 has undergone many tests and improvements since we first began operation in 2008. In the last few years NIST-F2 has been compared against a NIST maser time scale and NIST-F1 (the US primary frequency standard) as part of in-house accuracy evaluations. We report the results of nine in-house comparisons since 2010 with a focus on the most recent accuracy evaluation. This paper discusses the design of the physics package, the laser and optics systems and the accuracy evaluation methods. The type B fractional uncertainty of NIST-F2 is shown to be 0.11 × 10 −15 and is dominated by microwave amplitude dependent effects. The most recent evaluation (August 2013) had a statistical (type A) fractional uncertainty of 0.44 × 10 −15 .
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Microwave clocks were improved by three orders of magnitude in the past decades, now approaching the level of 10−16.
“Microwave clocks were improved by three orders of magnitude in the past decades, now approaching the level of 10−16 (Heavner et al. 2014), see also Fig. 4.”
From Clock networks for height system unification: a simulation study (2019) · cites this paper as Heavner et al. 2014
The Introduction (page unavailable) says caesium fountain clocks have improved steadily and that several groups report fractional uncertainties of 2–3 × 10⁻¹⁶. This supports the claimed present level, but the paper does not quantify an improvement of three orders of magnitude over past decades. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Design of the Ion Trap and Vacuum System for 171Yb-ion Optical Frequency Standard
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Phase Analysis for Frequency Standards in the Microwave and Optical Domains
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The Hyperfine Transition for the Definition of the Second
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- Authors
- Heavner, T. P., Donley, E. A., Levi, F., Costanzo, G., Parker, T. E., Shirley, J. H., Ashby, N., Barlow, S., & Jefferts, S. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (IT)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Heavner, Thomas P
- Venue
- Metrologia
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2014-05-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 174-182
- ISSN
- 0026-1394 (ISSN-L)
- 1681-7575
- OpenAlex
- W2162126832
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metrologia (publishedVersion)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- laser cooling, blackbody radiation shift, type B uncertainty, type A uncertainty
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