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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion
Open accessAbstract
Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.
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“Nevertheless, according to Hamid et al. [59], 'Fornell and Larcker criterion and the assessment of the cross-loadings are inadequately sensitive in detecting discriminant validity when compared with Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) criterion.”
From Are You Environmentally Conscious Enough to Differentiate between Greenwashed and Sustainable Items? A Global Consumers Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
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“Following Ab Hamid et al. (2017), models with AVE < 0.5 are acceptable if CR > 0.6.”
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“The Cross Loading and Fornell and Larcker Criterion values to qualify for discriminatory validity are to exceed 0.7 and be higher than other indicators in a construct (Ab Hamid et al., 2017; Hair Jr. et al., 2019).”
InfluentialSharma, A., Hewege, C., & Perera, C. R. (2025) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm18020106 · Cited by 4
Nakiganda, R., Okello, D., & Bett, H. (2025) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2447410 · Cited by 4
“Discriminant validity was assessed according to the heterotrait-monotrait ratio (htMt) (table 7). this is because htMt has a better sensitivity to detect discriminant validity than the Farnell and larcker criterion for interpreting the causal effect in the modeling analysis (ab hamid et al., 2017).”
Matekele, C. K., Mambosho, J. S., Rutatola, P. P., & Chongela, J. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2456503 · Cited by 6
“As per Ab hamid et al. (2017), these scores indicate the realization of discriminant validity in our study.”
Ghaboush, R. A., Al-Olimat, H. S., Anabtawi, M. F., Alkhatib, W., Hammour, S. E. A., Al-Qdah, T., Buniaian, N. A. A., & Alajmi, A. F. (2025) · Work · doi:10.1177/10519815241295937 · Cited by 4
Ahmad, M. M., & Wang, G. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15020518 · Cited by 25
“In the context of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), the values are organized according to their indicator’s reliability, ensuring that each latent variable within the model is reliably measured [105].”
Erfanian, S., Zhou, Y., & Baloch, Q. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1502145 · Cited by 4
The road to mobile-advertising success: a strategic approach to influence consumer attitude
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Green products: purchasing intention, attitude and behaviour in the Ecuadorian market
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“Discriminant validity consists of three assessments: cross-loading analysis, Fornell-Larcker analysis (Fornell & Larcker, 1981) and HTMT values (Henseler, Ringle, and Sarstedt 2015).”
InfluentialRasid, S. M., Rasdi, H. F. M., Cheng, J.-W., & Nata, D. H. M. S. (2024) · Work · doi:10.1177/10519815241290024 · Cited by 4
“39 The internal consistency was evaluated by calculating Cronbach ’ s alpha and composite reliability.”
The role of brand equity and decoy effect on actual purchase of insulated water flasks
Ramizares, J. M. Z., David, L. A. D. C., Acuesta, P. C. A., Mejía, M. B., Ong, A. K., Diaz, J. F. T., & Dangaran, P. C. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2422560 · Cited by 4
“Reflecting with Ab hamid et al. (2017), the Fornell-Larcker criterion assigned constructs must have values greater than all loadings of other constructs.”
Saleem, A., Mirza, B., Ahmed, M., & Fülöp, T. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i11.4609 · Cited by 4
“…the HTMT criterion in detecting possible indiscriminate relationships among latent The off-diagonal values are the correlations between latent variables, and the diagonal is the square root of AVE. variables, necessitating closer examination to better understand this issue (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
BackgroundEfifania, D., Ye, J., & Berhe, H. M. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241259479 · Cited by 23
“Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability are utilized to assess the internal consistency of the scale items (Hamid et al., 2017).”
Das, C., Goswami, S., Panda, B. P., Swain, B. K., & Das, M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research · doi:10.1007/s41742-024-00655-w · Cited by 4
“Assessment of multi-collinearity is essential in SEM model (Hamid et al. 2017).”
InfluentialKartawinata, S., Tovin, M., Lam, V. C., & Limantara, N. (2024) · International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) · doi:10.1109/icimtech63123.2024.10780897 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, the average variance extracted (AVE) value needs to be higher than 0.5 in order to pass the convergent validity test [20].”
InfluentialAnwar, M. S., Abbas, M., Osman, N. H., Tauheed, R., Razalli, M. R., Rahim, M. K. I. A., Kafi, M. A., & Allumi, N. A. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i8.4797 · Cited by 4
“The measurement and structural models effortlessly incorporated the constituent items and factors, supporting the study’s reliability and validity (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Ong, A. K. S., Prasetyo, Y. T., Tapiceria, R. P. K. M., Nadlifatin, R., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306701 · Cited by 4
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
- ORCID
- Sami, W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 890
- Pages
- 012163
- ISSN
- 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-6596
- OpenAlex
- W2757330327
- Cited by
- 1,478
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 35.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity
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