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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion
Open accessAbstract
Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.
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“Nevertheless, according to Hamid et al. [59], 'Fornell and Larcker criterion and the assessment of the cross-loadings are inadequately sensitive in detecting discriminant validity when compared with Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) criterion.”
From Are You Environmentally Conscious Enough to Differentiate between Greenwashed and Sustainable Items? A Global Consumers Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
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Alammari, G., Alhazzani, H., AlRajhi, N., Sales, I., Jamal, A. A., Almigbal, T. H., Batais, M. A., Asiri, Y. A., & AlRuthia, Y. S. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111430 · Cited by 46
“6; whereas, the discriminant validity was ensured if the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) is greater than the correlation coefficient between the different extracted factors [41,42].”
BackgroundYao, E., Guo, D., Liu, S., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Multimodal Transportation · doi:10.1016/j.multra.2024.100169 · Cited by 50
Waqar, A., Othman, I., Almujibah, H., & Hayat, S. (2023) · Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology · doi:10.1007/s11135-023-01730-8 · Cited by 36
Guo, L., Sun, D., Warraich, M., & Waheed, A. (2023) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2527 · Cited by 36
Li, W., Gill, S. A., Wang, Y., Safdar, M. A., & Sheikh, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927458 · Cited by 41
Greening the Workforce: A Strategic Way to Spur the Environmental Performance in the Hotel Industry
Nisar, Q. A., Akbar, A., Naz, S., Haider, S. A., Poulová, P., & Hai, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.841205 · Cited by 46
Do constraint negotiation and self‐construal affect solo travel intention? The case of Australia
Yang, E., Lai, M.-Y., & Nimri, R. (2021) · The international journal of tourism research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2506 · Cited by 36
Awain, A. M. S. B., Asad, M., Sulaiman, M. A. B. A., Asif, M. U., & Shanfari, K. S. A. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17072903 · Cited by 43
Fostering Entrepreneurial intentions: exploring the interplay of education and endogenous factors
Kariv, D., Giglio, C., & Corvello, V. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-01020-1 · Cited by 42
How can we encourage mindful consumption? Insights from mindfulness and religious faith
Gupta, S., Lim, W. M., Verma, H. V., & Polonsky, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-11-2021-5011 · Cited by 52
Liu, C.-H. S., Horng, J., Chou, S.-F., Yu, T., Lee, M.-T., & Lapuz, M. C. B. (2023) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100835 · Cited by 39
An Investigation of Behavioral Intention Towards QR Code Payment in Bangkok, Thailand
Suebtimrat, P., & Vonguai, R. (2021) · Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business · doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.939 · Cited by 35
“Convergent validity is the technique to measure the level of correlation of multiple indicators in a single construct that are in the same phenomenon (Hamid et al., 2017).”
MethodChangalima, I. A., & Chuwa, M. P. (2026) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v14i9.4601 · Cited by 40
“There are various techniques that are suitable for assessing and reporting discriminant validity (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
- ORCID
- Sami, W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 890
- Pages
- 012163
- ISSN
- 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-6596
- OpenAlex
- W2757330327
- Cited by
- 1,478
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 35.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity
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