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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion

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Ab Hamid, M R, Sami, W, Mohmad Sidek, M H·2017·Journal of Physics: Conference Series

DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163

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Abstract

Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.

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Kurniawan, C., Pribadi, U., & Iqbal, M. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun · doi:10.26811/peuradeun.v11i3.795 · Cited by 29
The influence of digital competence of academicians on students’ engagement at university level: moderating effect of the pandemic outbreak
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Implications of Socio-Cultural Pressure for a Thin Body Image on Avoidance of Social Interaction and on Corrective, Compensatory or Compulsive Shopping Behaviour
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The determinants of environmental knowledge sharing behaviour among accounting educators: a modified theory of planned behaviour
Abd-Mutalib, H., Jamil, C. Z. M., Mohamed, R., & Ismail, S. N. A. (2023) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-02-2022-0053 · Cited by 33
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Zheng, Q., Li, C.-L., & Bai, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.998482 · Cited by 20
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Park, J.-E., & Kang, E. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14073784 · Cited by 20
“Investigation of discrimination legitimacy the of relationship among constructs was carried out, identifying the most likely sheathing values [62].”
Background
Effect of the Social and Cultural Control on Young Eastern Ethnic Minority Groups’ Online-Startup Motivation
Li, L., & Kang, K. (2021) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2021-0262 · Cited by 20
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Mediating Effect of Customer Engagement on the Relations between eWOM, Environmental Concern, and Intention to Purchase Second-hand Clothing among College Students in Yogyakarta
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Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intentions of Faculty Students
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“The discriminant validity can be evaluated by using cross-loadings of indicators, Fornell & Larcker criterion and Heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlation (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Method
Brand equity in Caribbean financial services: the moderating role of service providers
Rambocas, M., & Arjoon, S. (2019) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-05-2019-0167 · Cited by 24
Mindfully fashioned: Sustaining style through product value retention
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ChatGPT and generation 'Z': a study on the usage rates of ChatGPT
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“Each indicator should load more strongly on its own construct than others, and this is confirmed by examining cross-loadings (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Customers' trust in Islamic banking post-cyberattack leads to digital service breakdowns in Indonesia
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Offsite modular construction adoption in developing countries: Partial least square approach for sustainable future
Saad, S., Rasheed, K., Ammad, S., Hasnain, M., Ullah, H., Qureshi, A. H., Alawag, A. M., Altaf, M., & Sadiq, T. (2024) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2024.103228 · Cited by 28
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Lawaju, P., C, A., Devkota, N., Basyal, D. K., Mahapatra, S., Paudel, U. R., Upretee, S., & Shrestha, K. K. (2024) · Smart Tourism · doi:10.54517/st.v5i2.2779 · Cited by 19
“We found that the loadings on each item were greater than all of the cross-loadings, providing evidence that all latent constructs and relative items are distinctive, as mentioned by Ab Hamid et al. [80].”
Background
Development and validation of Mathematical Higher‐Order Thinking Scale for high school students
Zhou, Y., Ning, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, W., & Wijaya, T. T. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23213 · Cited by 25
Determinants of impulse buying behavior: The mediating role of positive emotions of minimarket retail consumers in Indonesia
Arianty, N., Gultom, D. K., Yusnandar, W., & Arif, M. (2024) · Innovative Marketing · doi:10.21511/im.20(1).2024.23 · Cited by 8
“The Fornell-Larcker criterion calculations indicate that the root AVE value of any construct is greater than the correlation value between any two constructs, which validates the discriminant validity of the model (Hamid et al., 2017).”
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices on Impulse Buying Intention: Exploring the Moderating Influence of Social Media Advertising
Lyu, L., Zhai, L., Boukhris, M., & Akbar, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152316258 · Cited by 19
The effect of proximal personality traits on entrepreneurial intention among higher education students
Brás, G., Daniel, A., & Fernandes, C. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-10-2022-0198 · Cited by 19
Adoption of digital money (e-wallet) in the post COVID-19 era: The moderating role of low distribution charges and low transit time in impulsive buying: A developing country perspective
Wei, Q., Xiao, W., Yaqub, R., Irfan, M., Murad, M., & Yaqub, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.984316 · Cited by 19
Invisible Erosion of Human Capital: The Impact of Emotional Blackmail and Emotional Intelligence on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention
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Mediating effect of organisational learning and moderating role of organisational culture on the relationship between total quality management and innovation among manufacturing companies in Nigeria
Shuaib, K. M., & He, Z. (2022) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2022.2138313 · Cited by 24
“Therefore, based on the stated criterion by (Ab Hamid et al., 2017; Hair et al., 2014), all the remaining items are considered reliable in measuring the latent constructs.”
Background
Educational Innovation in Society 5.0 Era: Challenges and Opportunities
Purnomo, Y. W., & Herwin (2021) · doi:10.1201/9781003206019 · Cited by 19
Factors influencing the value added tax compliance in small and medium enterprises in Jordan
Shakkour, A., Almohtaseb, A. A., Matahen, R., & Sahkkour, N. A. S. (2021) · doi:10.5267/j.msl.2020.11.007 · Cited by 19
Investigating the Impact of ChatGPT as an AI Tool on ESL Writing: Prospects and Challenges in Saudi Arabian Higher Education
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Authors: Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
Affiliations: Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
ORCID: Sami, W
Venue: Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Published: 2017-09
Volume: 890
Pages: 012163
ISSN: 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
1742-6596
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163
OpenAlex: W2757330327
Cited by: 1,478
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 35.75
Type: conference paper
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity

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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion

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