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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion
Open accessAbstract
Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.
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“Nevertheless, according to Hamid et al. [59], 'Fornell and Larcker criterion and the assessment of the cross-loadings are inadequately sensitive in detecting discriminant validity when compared with Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) criterion.”
From Are You Environmentally Conscious Enough to Differentiate between Greenwashed and Sustainable Items? A Global Consumers Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
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Haider, A., Khan, M. A., Khoja, M., Alharthi, S., & Minhaj, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i9.6644 · Cited by 25
“Thus, discriminant validity was established as per the “ Fornell-Larcker criterion ” (Fornell and Lacker, 1981).”
BackgroundKavitha, K., & Joshith, V. P. (2024) · Bulletin of Science Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/02704676241283362 · Cited by 33
“The Discriminant validity (DV) ensures that the exogenous constructs in the study are not strongly linked with each other (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Bhat, F. A., Seth, Y., & Verma, A. (2024) · Travel Behaviour & Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100748 · Cited by 25
Alshahrani, M. D., Yaqub, M. Z., & Alabdali, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Intellectual Capital · doi:10.1108/jic-05-2023-0111 · Cited by 33
Shaikh, F., Afshan, G., & Channa, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-09-2022-0282 · Cited by 25
Wang, C.-J. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2022-1622 · Cited by 30
Tanjung, R., & Keni, K. (2023) · MBIA · doi:10.33557/mbia.v22i1.2144 · Cited by 25
Information Technology, Food Service Quality and Restaurant Revisit Intention
Talukder, M., Kumar, S., Sood, K., & Grima, S. (2023) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.18280/ijsdp.180131 · Cited by 25
“Table 4 shows that the square root of each construct value is larger than the corresponding correlation coefficients, demonstrating excellent discriminate validity [66].”
Moyo, N., Bhappu, A. D., Bhebhe, M., & Ncube, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116762 · Cited by 29
Lubis, A. N., Lumbanraja, P., & Hasibuan, B. K. (2022) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2021.2016039 · Cited by 33
“Lastly, we evaluated discriminant validity through Heterotrait–monotrait (HTMT) criterion to prevent misleading conclusion than Fornel-Lacker criterion (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
MethodLee, J. Y., Choi, J., Xiao, S. S., Lew, Y. K., & Park, B. I. (2021) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23409444211044732 · Cited by 27
Faruk, L. I. D., Pal, D., Funilkul, S., Perumal, T., & Mongkolnam, P. (2024) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2359206 · Cited by 24
“HTMT thresholds of greater than 0.85 (Henseler et al., 2015) or 0.90 (Ab Hamid et al., 2017) are considered to show a lack of discriminant validity.”
InfluentialObenza, B. N., Caballo, J. H. S., Caangay, R. B. R., Makigod, T. E. C., Almocera, S. M., Bayno, J. L. M., Camposano, J. J. R., Cena, S. J. G., Garcia, J. A. K., Labajo, B. F. M., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Applied Statistics and Economics · doi:10.54536/ajase.v3i1.2510 · Cited by 35
“These measurements determine reliability based on the interrelationship of the variables that are observed in the items (Hamid et al ., 2017).”
MethodHaider, S. A., Tehseen, S., Koay, K. Y., Poulová, P., & Afsar, B. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104305 · Cited by 35
Amani, D. (2024) · Journal of Islamic Marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-06-2023-0189 · Cited by 24
Alketbi, M. S., & Ahmad, S. Z. (2023) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-02-2023-3627 · Cited by 36
Stewart, J., Gyllstad, H., Nicklin, C., & McLean, S. (2023) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/02655322231162853 · Cited by 32
“However, recent research suggests that these approaches may not reliably detect a lack of discriminant validity in some common research contexts (Ab Hamid et al., 2017; Henseler et al., 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
- ORCID
- Sami, W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 890
- Pages
- 012163
- ISSN
- 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-6596
- OpenAlex
- W2757330327
- Cited by
- 1,478
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 35.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity
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