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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion
Open accessAbstract
Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.
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“Nevertheless, according to Hamid et al. [59], 'Fornell and Larcker criterion and the assessment of the cross-loadings are inadequately sensitive in detecting discriminant validity when compared with Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) criterion.”
From Are You Environmentally Conscious Enough to Differentiate between Greenwashed and Sustainable Items? A Global Consumers Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
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Zhang, W., Gu, D., Xie, Y., Khakimova, A. K., & Золотарев, О. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065138 · Cited by 9
Chang, S.-H.-E., Benjamin, E., & Sauer, J. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2023.2180348 · Cited by 7
Das, M., & Ramalingam, M. (2022) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-01-2022-0049 · Cited by 7
The effect of motive-goal congruence on adolescents’ academic goal engagement and disengagement
Yau, P. S., Cho, Y., Kay, J., & Heckhausen, J. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09946-1 · Cited by 13
“the use of the hetero-trait monotrait ratio of correlation (HTMT) method due to its high specificity and sensitivity rates (Hamid et al., 2017; Henseler et al., 2015; Rönkkö & Cho, 2020).”
MethodThe Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes on Green Purchase Intention
Rathnayaka, R. M. U. R., & Gunawardana, T. S. L. W. (2021) · Wayamba Journal of Management · doi:10.4038/wjm.v12i1.7519 · Cited by 9
“Cross-loading of indicator and Fornell and Larcker criterion of correlation are the methods used to evaluate the Discriminant Validity (Hamid et al., 2017).”
MethodTulangow, G. D., & Kusumawardani, K. A. (2020) · Proceeding of the International Conference on Family Business and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.33021/icfbe.v1i1.1373 · Cited by 7
Factors affecting vehicle exhaust emissions, driver motivations as a mediator
al-Rawi, Y. A., Imlus, M. H., Yusup, Y., & Yahya, S. B. (2020) · Environmental Economics and Policy Studies · doi:10.1007/s10018-020-00291-6 · Cited by 7
Watat, J. K., & Madina, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44322-1_13 · Cited by 8
Garomssa, S. D., Kannan, R., Chai, I., & Riehle, D. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3170058 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, outer loading values between 0.4 and 0.7 should be considered for elimination [66].”
BackgroundInfluentialMante, D. A., Opoku, O. G., Chineta, O. M., Adamu, A., Parker, D., Xue-fu, X., Hui, X., Setsoafia, N. K., Kyeremeh, P., & Opoku, D. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2556811 · Cited by 7
“The high Cronbach’s Alpha and Composite Reliability values affirmed internal consistency, while the AVE values confirmed convergent validity (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Ngo, T. C. T., Le, T. N. T., Phan, T. Y. N., & Le, T. (2026) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2026.102839 · Cited by 6
Xia, B., Lei, Y., Hu, Y., Zhu, X., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18031657 · Cited by 7
“Discriminant validity was assessed using the Fornell–Larcker criterion by comparing the square root of each construct’s AVE with its correlations with other constructs [83].”
Juicharoen, N., Na-nan, K., Inmor, S., Phanniphong, K., & Wang, X.-Y. (2025) · Int. J. Inf. Manag. Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2025.100381 · Cited by 6
Arifah, I. D. C., Hadi, H. K., Dewi, R. S., Dhenabayu, R., & Tanuwijaya, H. (2025) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-11-2024-4995 · Cited by 10
Driving mechanism of green travel behaviour: application of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
Zhang, C., Wang, M., Skitmore, M., Yao, D., & Jiang, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Urban Sciences · doi:10.1080/12265934.2025.2575791 · Cited by 4
Sinha, S., & Sethuraman, S. J. (2025) · Smart and Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1108/sasbe-04-2025-0177 · Cited by 6
An, Q., Ozturk, A. B., & Okumuş, F. (2025) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667251362485 · Cited by 6
Exploring trust and social cognition in the adoption of Metaverse-based museums
Al-kfairy, M. (2025) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-12-2024-3381 · Cited by 10
Global market opportunities for SMEs: Export/import perception and trade growth in Lesotho
Ojo, O. O., & Adelakun, O. J. (2025) · The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajesbm.v17i1.953 · Cited by 6
“…validity was revealed by the fact that the shared variance among any two constructs (i.e., the square of their intercorrelation) was less than the average variance explained in the items by the construct (Ab Hamid, Sami & Sidek 2017; Fornell & Larcker 1981; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, & Rich 2001).”
Altuwaijri, A. E., Klakattawi, H. S., & Alsaggaf, I. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17072870 · Cited by 6
Sarfaraz, T. (2025) · Majestic Global Trends in Marketing & Supply Chain Management · doi:10.65080/mgtmscm.v1i1.5 · Cited by 10
“According to Table 3 , the research rigorously used the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio to test the discriminant validity of the engaged constructs, a critical step in demonstrating that each latent variable measures a unique factor in the research model (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
- ORCID
- Sami, W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 890
- Pages
- 012163
- ISSN
- 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-6596
- OpenAlex
- W2757330327
- Cited by
- 1,478
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 35.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity
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