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Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion
Open accessAbstract
Assessment of discriminant validity is a must in any research that involves latent variables for the prevention of multicollinearity issues. Fornell and Larcker criterion is the most widely used method for this purpose. However, a new method has emerged for establishing the discriminant validity assessment through heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method. Therefore, this article presents the results of discriminant validity assessment using these methods. Data from previous study was used that involved 429 respondents for empirical validation of value-based excellence model in higher education institutions (HEI) in Malaysia. From the analysis, the convergent, divergent and discriminant validity were established and admissible using Fornell and Larcker criterion. However, the discriminant validity is an issue when employing the HTMT criterion. This shows that the latent variables under study faced the issue of multicollinearity and should be looked into for further details. This also implied that the HTMT criterion is a stringent measure that could detect the possible indiscriminant among the latent variables. In conclusion, the instrument which consisted of six latent variables was still lacking in terms of discriminant validity and should be explored further.
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“Nevertheless, according to Hamid et al. [59], 'Fornell and Larcker criterion and the assessment of the cross-loadings are inadequately sensitive in detecting discriminant validity when compared with Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) criterion.”
From Are You Environmentally Conscious Enough to Differentiate between Greenwashed and Sustainable Items? A Global Consumers Perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
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“Then the second test is discriminant validity using the heteroit-monotrait ratio (HTMT) value with a criterion of less than 1.00 so that the value is categorized as valid (Hamid et al., 2017).”
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Masengu, R., Habsi, J. S. A., Muchenje, C., & Tsikada, C. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00534-6 · Cited by 13
Huang, F., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2497496 · Cited by 11
Fake leadership influence on organizational destruction in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
Bieńkowska, A., & Tworek, K. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321194 · Cited by 8
Li, Y., Zhao, B., Jiang, B., Jia, X., Li, H., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121520 · Cited by 8
Ifekanandu, C., Iloka, C. B., Anukwe, G. I., Eze, J., Uwakwe, I. V., & Asagba, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320507 · Cited by 8
Revolutionizing healthcare leadership the critical role of digital citizenship in knowledge sharing
Saif, N., Ali, S., Shaheen, I., Goh, G. G. G., & Khan, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93117-y · Cited by 8
“The Fornell-Larcker Criterion is a widely used method for evaluating discriminant validity in structural equation modeling.”
InfluentialTiwari, P. (2025) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-025-02701-0 · Cited by 8
“It checks the square root of the AVE values against the correlations between constructs to ensure whether each construct is distinct (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Alrawhani, E. M., Romli, A., Al-Sharafi, M. A., & Alkawsi, G. A. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2464900 · Cited by 14
“Establishing discriminant validity requires that research studies adhere to the Fornell-Larcker criteria and evaluate the cross-loadings of all indicators (Ab Hamid et al., 2017; Hair et al., 2021).”
Mwagike, L. R. (2025) · International Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/12294659.2025.2463133 · Cited by 11
“On the other hand, convergent validity was achieved as the average variance extracted (AVE) for each construct met the threshold of 0.5 and above (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
InfluentialZali, M., & Rezaei, H. (2025) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-02-2024-0065 · Cited by 8
Liu, H., Miao, X.-Y., Shi, C., & Xu, T.-Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1478615 · Cited by 8
AI Trust and Attitude Towards AI of University Students
Ramirez, J., Obenza, D., & Cuarte, R. (2024) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.70847/586366 · Cited by 8
Wahyuni, H., Mutiarin, D., Pribadi, U., Ismail, N. S. A., Purnomo, E. P., & Kumorotomo, W. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2407936 · Cited by 8
“SeM-PlS data was assessed to measure validity, reliability, and test hypotheses (Ab hamid, 2017). the theoretical framework of the study is explained in Figure 2. in testing this research hypothesis, four variables were involved as follows: H1.”
Swarni, A., Herwin, H., & Sujati (2024) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v10i9.8794 · Cited by 8
“According to Ab Hamid et al. (2017), the discriminant validity test is part of the requirements in developing an instrument involving latent variables.”
BackgroundHishamudin, M. Z., Kamarudin, N. S., Hadi, N. A., & Ahmad, A. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology · doi:10.37934/araset.49.1.298311 · Cited by 8
“Social influence findings in this study strengthen the previous discoveries on the possibility of social influence positively impacting the intention to use digital platforms for education [55-57].”
ResultDeterminant factors of mobile investment app users among generation Z Indonesia
Hanif, H., Nadlifatin, R., Hutama, R., Ali, A., & Persada, S. (2024) · International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · doi:10.11591/ijece.v14i3.pp3073-3083 · Cited by 8
“Convergent validity denotes the condition in which the indicators of a given concept must exhibit correlation with one another; alternatively, it assesses the degree of correlation among many indicators of the same construct [29].”
BackgroundAssessment and validation: an updated climate change Plausibility Perception Measure
Hanedar, M., Ozyazici, G., & Ceyhan, G. D. (2024) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2024.2341172 · Cited by 9
“As seen in the Figure 2, cross factor loadings indicate good discriminant validity (Ab Hamid, Sami, and Sidek 2017).”
Female perceptions of gender-themed exhibitions: An expectation-confirmation model approach
Agyeiwaah, E., & Suyafei, Z. (2024) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2024.101238 · Cited by 8
Sánchez-Fernández, M., & Mas, M. D. L. M. B. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05766-3 · Cited by 7
“In addition, the discriminant validity of the output variables was tested using the Fornell-Lacker criterion, which states that the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) must be higher than the correlation of the latent variable with others in the model (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).”
Salifu, I., Aheto, D., & Vondolia, G. K. (2024) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100266 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (MY)
- ORCID
- Sami, W
- Venue
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 890
- Pages
- 012163
- ISSN
- 1742-6588 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-6596
- OpenAlex
- W2757330327
- Cited by
- 1,478
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 230 · 2025: 282 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 35.75
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics Conference Series (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- discriminant validity, HTMT, multicollinearity, latent variables, higher education institutions, convergent validity
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