Determinants of adherence to methylphenidate and the impact of poor adherence on maternal and family measures

Gau, Susan S.F.; Shen, Hsin-Yi; Chou, Miao-Churn; Tang, Ching-Shu; Chiu, Yen-Nan; Gau, Churn-Shiouh

doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.286

Cited by 148Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderMedication Adherence and CompliancePharmaceutical studies and practices

Determinants of adherence to methylphenidate and the impact of poor adherence on maternal and family measures

Gau, Susan S.F., Shen, Hsin-Yi, Chou, Miao-Churn, Tang, Ching-Shu, Chiu, Yen-Nan, Gau, Churn-Shiouh·2006·Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1089/cap.2006.16.286

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between adherence to immediate-release methylphenidate (IR MPH) and maternal psychological distress, parenting style, parent- child relationship, and perceived family support. METHODS: The sample consisted of 307 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (271 boys and 36 girls), 6-17 years of age, who had been treated with IR MPH for the past 6 months. The measures included the Chinese Health Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, Family APGAR, and Home Behaviors of the Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS: Reasons for poor adherence (n = 79; 25.7%) included forgetting medication (72.7%), the medication having no effect (20.0%), and refusing medication (12.7%). Increased age and three-times-daily administration were the major predictors for poor adherence to IR MPH. Poor adherence was associated with increased degree of maternal psychological distress, indifferent parenting, maternal overprotection/control, poor family support, decreased interaction with parents, and increased problems at home. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that multiple daily dosing of MPH increases the likelihood of poor adherence, particularly in adolescents, and that poor adherence is associated with impaired maternal/family process. Once-daily administration of MPH is necessary to improve adherence and to decrease the possible exacerbation of tense parent-child relationships caused by poor drug adherence.

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Physiological adherence findings are consistent with studies that have linked poor adherence to adverse outcomes.
“Despite our high reported adherence rates, our physiological adherence findings are consistent with studies 1, 16,18,29 that have linked poor adherence to adverse outcomes.”
From Medication Adherence in the MTA: Saliva Methylphenidate Samples Versus Parent Report and Mediating Effect of Concomitant Behavioral Treatment (2009) · cites this paper as [29]
Unlike some previous studies, this study found no associations between adherence and demographic factors such as age, sex, family income, and single-parent status.
“However, unlike some previous studies, we found no associations between adherence and demographic factors such as age, sex, 17,22 family income, and single-parent status 1, 16,18,29,30”
From Medication Adherence in the MTA: Saliva Methylphenidate Samples Versus Parent Report and Mediating Effect of Concomitant Behavioral Treatment (2009) · cites this paper as [29]

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Gau, S. S., Chen, Y., Tsai, F., Lee, M., Chiu, Y., Soong, W., & Hwu, H. (2008) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.57.2.135-142 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Medication adherence: Pharmacist perspective
Bubalo, J. S., Clark, R. K., Jiing, S., Johnson, N. B., Miller, K. A., Shipman, C. J., & Sweet, A. L. (2010) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2010.08180 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
An Analysis of Patient Adherence to Treatment During a 1-Year, Open-label Study of OROS® Methylphenidate in Children With ADHD
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Zimmerman, B. A. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706295663 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Older age was also seen as a determining factor for nonadherence in the study by Gau and colleagues, with the most common reason for discontinuing therapy being that the “doctor thought the symptoms were not severe enough for medication” (Gau et al., 2006, p. 291).”
Background
Adherence to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma and their parents
van Dellen, Q. M., Stronks, K., Bindels, P., Öry, F. G., & van Aalderen, W. M. C. (2008) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.12.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Parent-child discrepancies in the report of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems in Taiwan
Chen, Y., Ho, S. Y., Lee, P., Wu, C., & Gau, S. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178863 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Correlates of Gender Dysphoria in Taiwanese University Students
Lai, M., Chiu, Y., Gadow, K. D., Gau, S. S., & Hwu, H. (2009) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9570-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The reliability and validity of the Chinese version PBI were described elsewhere (Gau et al., 2006).”
Problems with oral formulations prescribed to children: a focus group study of healthcare professionals
Venables, R. H., Stirling, H., Batchelor, H. K., & Marriott, J. F. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-015-0152-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This study identified that family-related factors (including ‘social circumstances’) can influence medicines adherence in children, this is supported by other studies [42–45].”
Result
Improving psychostimulant adherence in children with ADHD
Charach, A., & Gajaria, A. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.10.1563 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Association between microstructural integrity of frontostriatal tracts and school functioning: ADHD symptoms and executive function as mediators
Gau, S. S., Tseng, W.-L., Tseng, W. I., Wu, M. Y., & Lo, Y.-C. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001664 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Validation of DSM-5 age-of-onset criterion of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: Comparison of life quality, functional impairment, and family function
Lin, Y., Lo, K.-W., Yang, L.-K., & Gau, S. S. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.026 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
An Open-Label, Randomized Trial of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Treatment in Adults With ADHD
Ni, H., Lin, Y., Gau, S. S., Huang, H., & Yang, L.-K. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713476549 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Individual and family correlates for cigarette smoking among Taiwanese college students
Gau, S. S., Lai, M., Chiu, Y., Liu, C.-T., Lee, M., & Hwu, H. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The reliability and validity of the Chinese Parental Bonding Instrument have been demonstrated elsewhere [78].”
Background
Relationship Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Care and Medication Continuity
Brinkman, W. B., Baum, R. A., Kelleher, K., Peugh, J., Gardner, W., Lichtenstein, P. K., Langberg, J. M., & Epstein, J. N. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.02.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing−Enhanced Behavior Therapy for Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Community-Based Trial
Sibley, M. H., Graziano, P. A., Coxe, S., Bickman, L., & Martin, P. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.907 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Commitment to Continuing Psychotropic Medication: A Preliminary Investigation of Considerations, Contradictions, and Correlates
Moses, T. (2010) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0209-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“For instance, Gau and colleagues [ 41 ], found that poor adherence among youth with ADHD is associated with indifferent parenting, greater parental distress, maternal overprotection or control, poor family support, and less interaction with parents.”
Background
Evaluation of motivational interviewing to improve psychotropic medication adherence in adolescents.
Hamrin, V., & Iennaco, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0187 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Medication adherence rates tend to decline during adolescence due to increased autonomy and decreased parental involvement with medication management (Gau et al. 2006; Dean et al. 2011).”
A Review of Recruitment, Adherence and Drop-Out Rates in Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Trials in Children and Adolescents
van der Wurff, I. S. M., Meyer, B. J., & de Groot, R. H. M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050474 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“, those who are supported by family and friends are more likely to be adherent) [157,158].”
Background
Do Phenotypic Characteristics, Parental Psychopathology, Family Functioning, and Environmental Stressors Have a Role in the Response to Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?: A Naturalistic Study From a Developing Country
Chazan, R., Borowski, C., Pianca, T., Ludwig, H., Rohde, L. A., & Polanczyk, G. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318217b4df · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Better efficacy for the osmotic release oral system methylphenidate among poor adherents to immediate‐release methylphenidate in the three ADHD subtypes
Chou, W., Chou, M., Tzang, R., Hsu, Y., Gau, S. S., Chen, S., Wu, Y., Huang, Y., Liang, H., & Cheng, H. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01937.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Improving Visual Memory, Attention, and School Function with Atomoxetine in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Shang, C., & Gau, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0149 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…(Gau et al. 2006a; Gau 2007b; Lin et al. 2012) and community studies (Tseng et al. 2011; Kawabata et al. 2012) and an open-label drug trial (Gau et al. 2006b), lack of a double-blind design decreased the persuasiveness of this present study because of the potential report bias by the…”
Influential
Autistic Traits in Couple Dyads as a Predictor of Anxiety Spectrum Symptoms
Lau, W. Y.-P., Gau, S. S., Chiu, Y., & Wu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2151-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The Chinese Family APGAR has been used in assessing perceived family support in clinic-based (Gau et al. 2012; Gau 2007; Gau et al. 2006; Lin et al. 2012) and in community-based studies (Kawabata et al. 2012; Lai et al. 2010).”
Method
Medication adherence and persistence in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review and qualitative update
Ferrín, M., Häge, A., Swanson, J. M., Wong, K. H. T. W., Dittmann, R., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Santosh, P., Romanos, M., Simonoff, E. A., et al. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02538-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Predictors and consequences of adherence to the treatment of pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Central Europe and East Asia
Hong, J.-Y., Novick, D., Treuer, T., Montgomery, W., Haynes, V., Wu, S.-H., & Haro, J. (2013) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s50628 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The exceptions are two Taiwanese retrospective studies conducted by Gau et al. 18,20 The authors earlier examined the extent and predictors of poor adherence to immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH) among 307 pediatric patients with ADHD who had been receiving IR-MPH in Taiwan.”
A Review of Factors Influencing the Three Phases of Medication Adherence in People with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Khan, M. U., & Aslani, P. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0153 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…( n = 27) examined the factors affecting implementation of medication taking (Thir-uchelvam et al. 2001; Rieppi et al. 2002; Miller et al. 2004; Gau et al. 2006; Darredeau et al. 2007; Faraone et al. 2007; Safren et al. 2007; Thorell and Dahlstro¨m 2009; Barner et al. 2011; Sitholey et al.…”
Influential
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and suicidality: The mediating effects of psychiatric comorbidities and family function
Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.023 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Predictors of Treatment Engagement and Outcome Among Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Integrative Data Analysis
Sibley, M. H., Coxe, S. J., Stein, M. A., Meinzer, M. C., & Valente, M. J. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A preliminary study of factors affecting adherence to medication in clinic children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Agarwal, V., Sitholey, P., & Chamoli, S. (2011) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.75561 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“3% rate of nonadherence in the first month in our study is very high and unexpected in comparison with the nonadherence found in the previous Western studies.[4] Although side-effects and lack of improvement were the most common reasons for nonadherence as stated by the parents, we do not agree with these.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay for hair analysis of methylphenidate
Marchei, E., Muñoz, J. A., García‐Algar, Ó., Pellegrini, M., Vall, O., Zuccaro, P., & Pichini, S. (2008) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.06.024 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“problems reported with compliance during MPH treatment [21] and the common medical practice of drug discontinuation during week-ends have to be taken into proper account in the following steps of this investigation.”
Background
Challenges in the Transition of Care for Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Robb, A. S., & Findling, R. L. (2013) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2685 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Factors that Affect the Adherence to ADHD Medications during a Treatment Continuation Period in Children and Adolescents: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study Using Korean Health Insurance Data from 2007 to 2011
Bhang, S., Kwack, Y. S., Joung, Y., Lee, S. I., Kim, B., Sohn, S. H., Chung, U., Yang, J.-W., Hong, M., Bahn, G. H., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.2.158 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
School Functions in Unaffected Siblings of Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Chien, Y., Tu, E., & Gau, S. S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3223-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Impact of personality on adherence to and beliefs about ADHD medication, and perceptions of ADHD in adolescents
Emilsson, M., Gustafsson, P., Öhnström, G., & Marteinsdóttir, Í. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02543-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Intergenerational Transmission of Perceived Bonding Styles and Paternal Emotion Socialization: Mediation Through Paternal Emotion Dysregulation
Yan, J. J., Han, Z. R., & Li, P. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0199-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“84) internal reliabilities for all the subscales (Gau et al. 2006).”
Background
Mental health correlates and potential childhood predictors for the wish to be of the opposite sex in young autistic adults
Chang, J.-C., Lai, M., Tai, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211024098 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The Chinese PBI has satisfactory reliability (test–retest intraclass correlations, ICC = 0.47–0.64) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.75–0.84; Gau et al., 2006) and has been widely used in Taiwanese studies (Y.L. Chien et al., 2017; Gau & Chang, 2013; Gau et al., 2010; Hsiao et al., 2013;…”
MethodInfluential
Irritability and Maladaptation Among Children: The Utility of Chinese Versions of the Affective Reactivity Index and Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Irritability Subscale
Pan, P., & Yeh, C. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0070 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The current pilot study was mainly designed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the ARI and the ABC-irritability subscale among children and adolescents in Taiwan.”
Influential
An innovative SMS intervention to improve adherence to stimulants in children with ADHD: Preliminary findings
Fried, R. S., DiSalvo, M., Kelberman, C., Adler, A., McCafferty, D., Woodworth, K. Y., Green, A., Biederman, I., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120908014 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This idea is consistent with the finding by Gau et al. (2006) that 20% of parents attribute missed stimulant doses to the “medication having no effect.””
Result
Parenting Teens With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Modesto‐Lowe, V., Chaplin, M., Godsay, V., & Soovajian, V. (2014) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922814540984 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“One Taiwanese study examined the association between measures of family functioning and adherence to stimulant therapy.(35) Participants were children between the ages of 6 and 17 years (n = 307) treated with MPH for 6 months.”
Background
To adhere or not, and what we can do to help
McNicholas, F. (2012) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0304-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
One-year trajectory analysis for ADHD symptoms and its associated factors in community-based children and adolescents in Taiwan
Tsai, C., Chen, Y., Lin, H., & Gau, S. S. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0165-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The Chinese version of the SAICA has been proved to be a reliable and valid instrument for assessing social adjustment across domains in Taiwanese child and adolescent populations [34, 35].”
Background
Suicidality in Children with Elevated Autistic Traits
Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2333 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The Chinese version of the Family APGAR has been validated [Gau et al., 2006; Lin, Lo, Yang,&Gau, 2015].”
Method
Rates and Predictors of Adherence to Psychotropic Medications in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Logan, S. L., Carpenter, L. A., Leslie, R. S., Hunt, K. S., Garrett-Mayer, E. S., Charles, J. M., & Nicholas, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2156-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Improving School Outcomes for Students With ADHD
DuPaul, G. J., & Power, T. J. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708314241 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Importantly, treatment adherence also may be a function of parental stress and quality of interactions in the home environment (Gau et al., 2006).”
Background
Stimulant Treatment of Young People in the United States
Olfson, M., King, M. D., & Schoenbaum, M. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0228 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Several studies report that older patient age is associated with lower adherence and persistence of stimulant treatment (Gau et al. 2006; Atzori et al. 2009; Lawson et al. 2012).”
Background
Seizures and Pain Uncertainty Associated With Parenting Stress and Rett Syndrome
Byiers, B. J., Tervo, R. C., Feyma, T. J., & Symons, F. J. (2013) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073812470736 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Parenting stress may also have indirect effects on the health of the child through decreased medical intervention adherence.(11-14) Therefore, identifying factors that predict levels of parenting stress among families with children with neurodevelopmental disabilities with specialized health needs may be helpful in id…”
Background
Drug Class Review on Pharmacologic Treatments for ADHD
McDonagh, M. S., Peterson, K., & Thakurta, S. (2005) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Probabilistic Markov Model Estimating Cost Effectiveness of Methylphenidate Osmotic-Release Oral System Versus Immediate-Release Methylphenidate in Children and Adolescents: Which Information is Needed?
Schawo, S. J., van der Kolk, A., Bouwmans, C. A. M., Annemans, L., Postma, M. J., Buitelaar, J. K., van Agthoven, M., & Roijen, L. H. (2015) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0259-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Predictors of pharmacological treatment outcomes with atomoxetine or methylphenidate in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from China, Egypt, Lebanon, Russian Federation, Taiwan, and United Arab Emirates
Treuer, T., Feng, Q., Desaiah, D., Altin, M., Wu, S. H., Elshafei, A., Serebryakova, E. A., Gado, M. H., & Faries, D. E. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12437 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Factors affecting treatment adherence to atomoxetine in ADHD: a systematic review
Treuer, T., Mendez, L., Montgomery, W. S., & Wu, S. H. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s97724 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Further, higher doses of medication increase the likelihood of poor treatment adherence due to higher rates of side effects.(55) Patients with intellectual difficulties are more likely to exhibit poorer treatment adherence.”
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Closing Diagnostic, Communication, and Treatment Gaps
Vierhile, A., Robb, A. S., & Ryan‐Krause, P. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.10.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“One of the most important problems is poor adherence (Gau et al., 2006).”
Background
The Link Between Parental Bonding and Adult Attachment in Chinese Graduate Students: Gender Differences
Sun, Q., Ng, K., & Guo, L. (2010) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480710372920 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“We used the PBI (Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979) to measure recalled early parent child bonding.”
MethodInfluential
Strategies for improving ADHD medication adherence.
Kamimura-Nishimura, K. I., Brinkman, W. B., & Froehlich, T. E. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A review of measures used to examine medication adherence in people with ADHD at initiation, implementation and discontinuation of pharmacotherapy
Khan, M. U., & Aslani, P. (2019) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Clinical Trial of ORADUR-Methylphenidate for Treating Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Huang, Y., Yeh, C., Chen, C.-H., Shang, C., & Gau, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2020.0104 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…extensive research on a range of different formulations of MPH that have been carried out all over the world (Chan et al. 2016; Kim et al. 2017; Pliszka et al. 2017; Wigal et al. 2017; Lam et al. 2019), including Taiwan (Gau et al. 2006b, 2008; Chou et al. 2009; Shang et al. 2015; Ni et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
A 36 Month Naturalistic Retrospective Study of Clinic-Treated Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Hong, M., Lee, W. H., Moon, D. S., Lee, S. M., Chung, U., & Bahn, G. H. (2014) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0090 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The analysis suggested that parental age increase negatively inﬂuenced pharmacotherapy, which was also reported by Gau (2006).”
Influential
Patterns and Correlates of Expressed Emotion, Perceived Criticism, and Rearing Style in First Admitted Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
von Polier, G. G., Meng, H., Lambert, M., Strauss, M., Zarotti, G., Karle, M., Dubois, R., Stark, F.-M., Neidhart, S., Zollinger, R., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000209 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Research on adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder similarly found that adverse rearing style was directly linked to poorer medication adherence (Gau et al., 2006).”
Background
Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Roles of Stress-Coping Orientations and Parental Child-Rearing Styles
Chang, C., Chen, Y.-M., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Chou, W., & Yen, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Gau and colleagues transformed the original PBI into the 25-item caregiver-reported version of the PBI to measure caregivers’ attitudes and behaviors toward their young children or children with a developmental disability in the few years preceding the assessment [23].”
Background
Adherence with Electronic Monitoring and Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Yang, J.-W., Yoon, B.-M., Lee, M., Joe, S.-H., Jung, I., & Kim, S. (2012) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2012.9.3.263 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Risk factors for discontinuing drug therapy among children with ADHD
Bokhari, F. A. S., Heiland, F. W., Levine, P., & Ray, G. (2008) · Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-008-0035-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reasons for Treatment Changes in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Chart Review Study
Schein, J. R., Cloutier, M., Gauthier‐Loiselle, M., Bungay, R., Guérin, A., & Childress, A. C. (2022) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02329-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Treatment outcomes in ADHD rely on several factors, including the type of treatment used as well as adherence and persistence to treatment [5, 6].”
Background
Naturalistic exploration of the effect of osmotic release oral system‐methylphenidate on remission rate and functional improvement in Taiwanese children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder
Tzang, R., Wang, Y., Yeh, C., Hsu, C.-D., Liang, H.-Y., Yang, P., Liu, H.-J., Huang, Y.-S., Cheng, H., Hsu, Y.-C., et al. (2012) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02289.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Once-daily OROS-MPH improves treatment adherence among patients with ADHD according to a study conducted in Taiwan.(27) The present results are compatible with that study; another study also found higher adherence with OROS-MPH (67.”
ResultInfluential
Efficacy of a Methylphenidate Transdermal System Versus t.i.d. Methylphenidate in a Laboratory Setting
Pelham, W. E., Waxmonsky, J. G., Schentag, J. J., Ballow, C. H., Panahon, C. J., Gnagy, E. M., Hoffman, M. T., Burrows-MacLean, L. D., Meichenbaum, D. L., Forehand, G. L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709359163 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Efficacy is further reduced by poor adherence to multiple times per day dosing (Gau et al., 2006; Pliszka, 2007).”
Background
Medication Refusal in Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder and Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Medication History and Clinical Correlates
Demidovich, M., Kolko, D. J., Bukstein, O. G., & Hart, J. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Additional family factors include younger parental age, low maternal IQ ( Johnson and Fine 1993; Swanson 2003), psychosocial adversity (Firestone 1982; Brown et al. 1988; Thiruchelvam et al. 2001; Ibrahim 2002; Gau et al. 2006), low supervision, stigma/ embarrassment (Swanson 2003), and limited parental confidence in…”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining Breaks and Resistance in Medication Adherence Among Adolescents With ADHD as Associated With School Outcomes
Barnard-Brak, L., Roberts, B., & Valenzuela, E. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718763738 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…(Charach & Gajaria, 2008; Gau et al., 2006), older age at diagnosis (Gau et al., 2006), had a family history of ADHD (Charach & Gajaria, 2008; Coletti et al., 2012), or had severe behavior problems at home (Charach & Gajaria, 2008; Gau et al., 2006), lower adherence rates have been predicted.”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations of parental bonding and adolescent internet addiction symptoms with depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Wong, C., Chen, Y.-M., & Yen, C. (2019) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000190 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The mental health of immigrant mother's offspring in Taiwan: A national epidemiological study
Chang, J.-C., Huang, W., Chen, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2019) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2019.08.033 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Remission Rate and Functional Outcomes During a 6-Month Treatment With Osmotic-Release Oral-System Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Su, Y., Li, H., Chen, Y., Fang, F., Xu, T. C., Lu, H., Xie, L., Zhuo, J., Qu, J., Yang, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000389 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“with once-daily OROS-MPH is associated with improved adherence.(33) These results are consistent with the results from previous studies where once-daily OROS-MPH showed higher adherence (67.”
Result
Change in Adolescents’ Perceived ADHD Symptoms Across 17 Days of Ecological Momentary Assessment
Kennedy, T. M., Molina, B. S. G., & Pedersen, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2096043 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Such a nonadherence has been attributed to greater autonomy with medication management relative to childhood yet fewer executive functioning skills than in adulthood (Brinkman et al., 2012; Brinkman et al., 2018; Charach & Fernandez, 2013; Gau et al., 2006; Molina et al., 2009).”
Background
Switching from methylphenidate immediate release to MPH-SODAS™ in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Maia, C. R. M., Matte, B. C., Ludwig, H. T., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0647-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The MPH-IR, although highly efficacious, is associated with compliance problems since patients need to ingest tablets several times a day [10, 32].”
Background
The effectiveness of methylphenidate in improving cognition after brain injury in adults: a systematic review
Barnett, M., & Reid, L. M. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1667538 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Documenting adherence to psychostimulants in children with ADHD.
Charach, A., Gajaria, A., Skyba, A., & Chen, S. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for incident attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: practice patterns and quality metrics
Bussing, R., Narwaney, K. J., Winterstein, A. G., Newton, D. A., DeBar, L., Boscarino, J. A., Toh, S., Pawloski, P. A., Nordin, J. D., Herrinton, L. J., et al. (2014) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2014.905461 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Methylphenidate Treatment Adherence and Persistence in Children in the Netherlands
Cheung, K., Dierckx, B., Marroun, H. E., Hillegers, M. H. J., Stricker, B. H. C., & Visser, L. E. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2020.0125 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Studies also showed that medication adherence was greater when both children and parents felt that symptoms improved with treatment (Gau et al. 2006; Nagae et al. 2015; Sko-glund et al. 2016).”
Influential

National Survey of Adherence, Efficacy, and Side Effects of Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwan
Gau, S. S., Chen, S., Chou, W., Cheng, H., Tang, C., Chang, H., Tzang, R., Wu, Y., Huang, Y., Chou, M., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0118 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Investigation of the compliance of attention deficient hyperactivity disorder children on methylphenidate therapy
Yong-yon, Z. (2011) · Chinese Journal of Child Health Care
Risk factors for low adherence to methylphenidate treatment in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Ishizuya, A., Enomoto, M., Tachimori, H., Takahashi, H., Sugihara, G., Kitamura, S., & Mishima, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81416-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Methylphenidate Treatment Adherence and Persistence in Children in the Netherlands
Cheung, K., Dierckx, B., Marroun, H. E., Hillegers, M. H. J., Stricker, B. H. C., & Visser, L. E. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2020.0125 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Factors affecting methylphenidate adherence in children and adolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Ninlanon, K., Phattanarudee, S., Sakulbumrungsil, R. C., & Tan‐Khum, T. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health of Thailand - วารสารสุขภาพจิต แห่งประเทศไทย · doi:10.14456/dmhjournal.2015.12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Gau, S. S. F., Shen, H.-Y., Chou, M.-C., Tang, C.-S., Chiu, Y.-N., & Gau, C.-S.
Affiliations: National Taiwan University (TW)
Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (TW)
National Taiwan University Hospital (TW)
ORCID: Gau, Susan S.F.
Chiu, Yen-Nan
Venue: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-06
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 286-297
ISSN: 1044-5463 (ISSN-L)
1557-8992
DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.16.286
OpenAlex: W2030460171
Cited by: 148
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 6.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
Keywords: methylphenidate, medication adherence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, maternal distress, parenting styles, parent-child relationship, family support, multiple daily dosing, adolescents, reasons for non-adherence
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Parent-Child Relations, Patient Compliance, Taiwan

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Determinants of adherence to methylphenidate and the impact of poor adherence on maternal and family measures

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