Prevalence and Correlates of Psychotropic Medication Use in Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder with and without Caregiver-Reported Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Many youths with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) benefit from psychotropic medication treatment of co-morbid symptom patterns consistent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The lack of clear indications and algorithms to direct clinical practice has led to a very poor understanding of overall medication use for these youths. The present study examined the prevalence of psychotropic medication use compared across individuals with an ASD without a caregiver-reported ADHD diagnosis (ASD-only), ADHD without ASD (ADHD-only), and an ASD with co-morbid ADHD (ASD+ADHD). Correlates of medication use were also examined. METHODS: Data on psychotropic medication from the first wave of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2, a nationally representative study of adolescents ages 13-17 in special education, were used to compare the prevalence of medication use across the three groups, overall and by class. Separate logistic regression models were constructed for each group to examine the correlates of psychotropic medication use. Poisson regression models were used to examine correlates of the number of medications. RESULTS: Youths with ASD+ADHD had the highest rates of use (58.2%), followed by youths with ADHD-only (49.0%) and youths with ASD-only (34.3%). Youths with an ASD, both ASD-only and ASD+ADHD, used medications across a variety of medication classes, whereas stimulants were dominant among youths with ADHD-only. African American youths with ASD-only and with ASD+ADHD were less likely to receive medication than white youths, whereas race was not associated with medication use in the ADHD-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Clearer practice parameters for ADHD have likely contributed to more consistency in treatment, whereas treatment for ASD reflects a trial and error approach based on associated symptom patterns. Additional studies examining the treatment of core and associated ASD symptoms are needed to guide pharmacologic treatment of these youths. Interventions targeting African American youths with ASD and the physicians who serve them are also warranted.
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Psychiatric medication use is more common among youths with both ADHD and ASD (58%) than among those with ADHD (49%) or ASD (34%) alone.
“Youth characterized as having both ADHD and ASD are more likely to be taking psychiatric medication (58 %) than youth with ADHD (49 %) or ASD (34 %) alone [22].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [22]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Frazier, T. W., Shattuck, P. T., Narendorf, S. C., Cooper, B. P., Wagner, M., & Spitznagel, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- SRI International (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frazier, Thomas W.
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 571-579
- ISSN
- 1044-5463 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8992
- PMC
- PMC3279713
- OpenAlex
- W1967703564
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Organization for Autism Research
- Cleveland Clinic
- Case Western Reserve University (UL1RR024989)
- Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance
- National Institutes of Health (7r01mh086489-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH086489)., R01-MH086489-01, T32 MH19960, T32MH019960)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 024989, UL1RR024989)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- psychotropic drug use, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, adolescents, stimulants, racial disparities, African American youth, special education, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, drug use prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Drug Utilization, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychotropic Drugs, United States, Models, Statistical, Caregivers, Racial Groups
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