Time to Face It! Facebook Intrusion and the Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction

“as associated problematic internet or Facebook use with depression [52], lower happiness [14], worse academic performance [53], greater loneliness [82], and reduced relationship and life satisfaction [11, 32], though null results have also been reported [9]. Problematic internet behaviors may also arise from other ind…”

“Facebook addiction is defined as excessive involvement in Facebook activities and is a frequent cause of problems in everyday social functioning (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“…linked to self-esteem and academic adjustment in college (Kalpidou et al., 2011), positively related to romantic jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston and Noller, 2011), and greater Facebook use predicts declines in cognitive and affective well-being over time (Kross et al., 2013).”

“Other studies measuring independent risk factors for addiction revealed that it is associated with being male, [13], being a heavy user [14,15], relationship dissatisfaction [16], depression”

“Furthermore, Facebook addiction is related to the extensive use of Facebook [121].”

“Other studies, mainly focused on social networks, showed that greater Facebook use was related to greater relationship dissatisfaction and jealousy (Elphinston & Noller, 2011), and even to breakup, divorce, and cheating (Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, 2013).”

“Others have similarly concluded that Facebook encourages feelings of jealousy and surveillance behaviors (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“…[ 199 , 200 ] ; F A S = F a c e b oo k A dd i c t i o n S c a l e [ 73 ] ; F I Q = F a c e b oo k I n t r u s i o n Q u e s t i o nn a i r e [ 201 ] ; G P I U S 2 = G e n e r a l i z e d P r o b l e m a t i c I n t e r n e t U s e S c a l e 2 [ 202 ] ; P M S M U A Q = P r o b l e m a t i c M…”

“The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, developed by Elphinston and Noller (2011), is based on behavioral addiction components and on a scale measuring phone involvement.”

“Elphinston and Noller (2011) assert that high scorers on the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (based on levels of addiction behaviours) were more likely to experience jealousy in their offline romantic relationship.”

“In fact, many studies that focus on this topic (e.g., Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Lu et al., 2018; Marganski & Melander, 2018; Peskin et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2018) have developed “ad hoc” assessment tools, with insufficient guaranties about their validity since they are constructed at the moment…”

“…using social media on smartphones) created new contexts for individuals to monitor, harass, humiliate, and abuse dating partners, otherwise known as cyber DA (Borrajo, Gámez-Guadix, Pereda, & Calvete, 2015; Brem, Spiller, & Vandehey, 2015; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Leisring & Giumetti, 2014).”

“SNSs Addiction was assessed by the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ, Elphinston & Noller, 2011), which was revised by Wang et al. (2018).”

“Growing evidence suggests that SNA is associated with various adverse consequences, such as: poor sleep quality (11), reduced academic and work performance (12), relationship problems (13), impaired selfesteem and life satisfaction (14), and mental health problems (15, 16).”

“…and friends through the use of social media (i.e., Facebook) and cell phones can sometimes facilitate, but in other instances impair, relationships (Carpenter & Spottswood, 2013; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Felmlee & Faris, 2016; Fox, Warber, & Makstaller, 2013; Miller-Ott, Kelly, & Duran, 2012).”

“” Although the DSM-5 does not include SNA as a formal diagnosis, growing evidence shows that SNA is associated with many negative outcomes, including academic dysfunction (12), insomnia (13), deteriorating interpersonal relationships (14), low self-esteem, and life satisfaction (15), as well as mental health problems…”

“Its use is widespread as it meets the social needs of humans in all aspects and imparts relationship satisfaction to users (Boyd & Ellison, 2008; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Pempek et al., 2009).”

“In this study, the mechanisms of two different types of PIU are compared—problematic Facebook use (PFU)—excessive Facebook engagement that causes severe interruption to day-to-day activities, occupational/educational duties, and social relationships 8 —and problematic video gaming (PVG).”

“Existing research revealed the detrimental effects of SNS addiction on several domains of functioning that include well-being (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013), interpersonal relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) as well as self-esteem and life satisfaction (Błachnio, Przepiorka, & Pantic, 2016).”

“An Internet addiction scale previously (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) revised and validated by Wei (2018) was used to measure the level of Internet addiction in adolescents.”

“The present study attempts to address this issue by examining Facebook (and other social media) intrusion (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) as an index of social media use.”

“Apart from the growing body of research about SNSs addiction, various psychometric instruments have been developed to assess this behaviour, such as the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) (Andreassen et al., 2012) or the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (Elphinston and Noller, 2011).”

“7,11 The underlying assumption is that the more time individuals spend on Facebook, the more likely they are to be exposed to content posted by their partner.”

“The Internet Addiction Scale, originally derived from the Facebook Addiction Questionnaire (FAQ) (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) and validated by Q. Wei (2018), was utilized in this study.”

“” The social networking sites are criticized for the negative impact on interpersonal relationship outcomes, including breakup, and divorce [31].”

“However, there is evidence that time on Facebook is positively correlated with more frequent episodes of jealousy-related feelings and behaviors, especially among women (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Morris et al., 2009; Muise et al., 2009; Utz & Beukeboom, 2011).”

“Elphinston and Noller (2011) found that higher levels of Facebook intrusion correlated with higher jealousy-related feelings and behaviors (e.g., surveillance) resulting in relationship dissatisfaction.”

“…impact on relational partners, researchers found that if one relationship partner was reportedly overly invested in the website, the other partner reported increased feelings of jealousy and was more likely to engage in surveillance behaviors regarding their partner (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“…friendship performance (e.g., Boyd and Ellison 2007), network and network structure (e.g., Hampton et al. 2011), bridging online and offline networks (e.g., Donath 2007), privacy (e.g., Debatin et al. 2009), and extended scope in Social Network Services research (e.g., Elphinston and Noller 2011).”

“Research has shown that social media posts can affect employability (On Device Research, 2013), as well as personal relationship quality (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Fox, Warber, & Makstaller, 2013; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009).”

“The level of internet addiction among college students was assessed using a scale initially developed and applied by Elphinston et al. (2011) and subsequently adapted, revised, and validated by Wei Qi (2018) for the investigation of internet addiction.”

“PFU was assessed using the Facebook Intrusion Scale, and PVG was assessed using the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF).”

“Many scholars focus on the bright side, such as shaping and promoting interpersonal (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Wiederhold, 2017) or professional relationships (King et al ., 2013, 2014) .”

“Wang and LaRose [48] shows that there is a negative relationship between habitual use of Facebook with three negative behaviors of a person, which are missing classes, skipping work, and experiencing low levels of academic achievements.”

“In particular, there is mounting evidence that use of SNSs such as Facebook can exacerbate jealousy in romantic relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Marshall, Bejanyan, Di Castro, & Lee, 2012; Muise et al., 2009; Muscanell et al., 2013; Utz & Beukeboom, 2011).”

“We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to evaluate the structure of the O-FAQ.”

“This may thereafter increase relationship conflicts (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“These findings also extend past research on partner monitoring (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Muise et al., 2009).”

“Despite the fact that Facebook is perceived to be useful for relationship maintenance, the use of Facebook is associated with a number of different forms of jealousy (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Marshall, Bejanyan, Di Castro, & Lee, 2013).”

“Consequently, some researchers have developed psychometric instruments to assess PSMU, such as the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (Andreassen et al., 2012) and the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“The adapted Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) was used to assess participants’ social networking sites addiction.”

“can intrude on romantic relationships,(9) spurring both jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction.(9) In their 2014 study examining the relationship between social networking use, marital satisfaction, and divorce, Valenzuela et al.”

“Other popular instruments include the Social Media Disorder Scale [30], the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire [31], the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale [32], and the Internet Addiction Test [33].”

“Conversely, other communication channels (e.g., Facebook) may increase tension in the relationship because of jealousy that can occur (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript monitoring (e.g., the presence of extra-dyadic partners, signs of infidelity, and subtle signs of relationship dissatisfaction; Bowe, 2010; Buss, 2002; Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”

“Covariates The following covariates were included in the analyses: 1) age, which has been shown to be negatively related to relationship satisfaction among a similar sample of college students [12]; 2) gender, because women have been shown to be more selective of relationship partners and therefore might be more prone…”

“PFU was assessed using the Facebook Intrusion Scale, and PVG was assessed using the Problem Video Game Playing Questionnaire.”

“…low commitment levels, breakups, and divorce (Abbasi & Alghamdi, 2017b; Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, 2013; Drouin, Miller, & Dibble, 2014; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Goldwert, 2012; Kerkhof, Finkenauer, & Muusses, 2011; Marshall, 2012; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009; Utz &…”

“The CSIQ was adapted from the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ; Elphinston and Noller, 2011), and it has been used in the prior research among adolescents from China (e.g., Wang et al., 2018c; Yin et al., 2019).”

“It has two parts- part (I) structured questionnaire to obtain information of their family, Education of parents, siblings, no of close friends, academic performance, mental health, etc. Part (II) 5 structured scales were used to obtain information on: (i) The Phubbing Scale [26] (ii) Adapted Mobile Phone Use Habits (A…”

“…has also been termed B interpersonal electronic surveillance ^ (IES), where romantic partners will spend large amounts of time monitoring another person ’ s online behavior without his her direct knowledge (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Fox & Warber, 2013; Marshall, 2012; Tokunaga & Gustafson, 2014).”

“Facebook addiction has been linked to relationship dissatisfaction [25], subjective happiness, and subjective vitality [26].”

“…et al. 2017; Ryan and Xenos 2011), behavioral addiction (Griffiths 2013), impulsivity (Savci and Aysan 2016), relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston and Noller 2011), social connectedness (Savci and Aysan 2017; Savci, Ercengiz, and Aysan 2018), and disorders related to the use of…”

“Further, Elphinston and Noller (2011) have reported that individuals who feel distressed and who cannot control their use of Facebook scoremore highly on Facebook use.”

“Therefore, using the umbrella term digital media addiction (DMA) seems justified, combining Internet addiction,(9) smartphone addiction(10) and Facebook addiction.(11,12) These phenomena represent other aspects of digital media”

“In this regard, SNSs have found to be important facilitators of sustaining connections between ex-partners after a split up (Elphinston and Noller, 2011; Tong, 2013).”

“Internet addiction was assessed through an eight-item scale, derived from Elphinston, Noller, 80 and later employed by Wang, Wang, Wu & others.”