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Time to Face It! Facebook Intrusion and the Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction
Abstract
Young people's exposure to social network sites such as Facebook is increasing, along with the potential for such use to complicate romantic relationships. Yet, little is known about the overlaps between the online and offline worlds. We extended previous research by investigating the links between Facebook intrusion, jealousy in romantic relationships, and relationship outcomes in a sample of undergraduates currently in a romantic relationship. A Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire was developed based on key features of technological (behavioral) addictions. An eight-item Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire with a single-factor structure was supported; internal consistency was high. Facebook intrusion was linked to relationship dissatisfaction, via jealous cognitions and surveillance behaviors. The results highlight the possibility of high levels of Facebook intrusion spilling over into romantic relationships, resulting in problems such as jealousy and dissatisfaction. The results have implications for romantic relationships and for Facebook users in general.
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“Several studies have reported that social media addictions are associated with social isolation and loneliness”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Elphinston & Noller, 2011
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“Facebook addiction was also linked to certain psychological variables, such as relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston & Noller, 2011), depression (Hong et al., 2014; Koc & Gulyagci, 2013), anxiety (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013), subjective happiness, and subjective vitality (Uysal, Satici & Akin, 2014).”
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“Finally, other research has also begun to explore a more specific individual difference variable: jealousy (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009; Muscanell, Guadagno, Rice, & Murphy, in preparation).”
BackgroundMcDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000065 · Cited by 643
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“In this study, we adopted the former approach by adapting the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ; Elphinston & Noller, 2011) to be a generic addiction measure of social media named Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (SMAQ).”
MethodInfluentialGriffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014) · Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407724-9.00006-9 · Cited by 583
“The authors claimed that a single-factor structure for the FIQ was supported (i.e., it was a unidimensional scale) and that the internal consistency of the measure was high.”
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“…others have constructed new sets of items specifically designed to assess the symptoms of social media addiction and compiled them into measures, such as the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) and Social Media Disorder Scale (Van Den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016).”
BackgroundSun, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106699 · Cited by 509
Koc, M., & Gulyagci, S. (2013) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0249 · Cited by 487
“16,19 Therefore, adapting from previous research on Internet addiction, 22,32 we developed the Facebook Addiction Scale (FAS) to assess addictive usage.”
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“The Italian version of the ASQ (Fossati et al., 2003) comprises 40 items and was used to assess the five dimensions of adult attachment.”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssociation between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study
Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026 · Cited by 387
“These results are consistent with those of another study, suggesting a negative relationship between Facebook intrusion and life satisfaction (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”
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Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction
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“…have reported that social media addictions are associated with social isolation and loneliness (Błachnio & Przepiorka, 2019; Çam& Isbulan, 2012; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Griffiths et al., 2014; Karapetsas, Karapetsas, Zygouris, & Fotis, 2015; Radhamani &Arulsamy, 2012; Zaremohzzabieh,…”
BackgroundSnapchat Elicits More Jealousy than Facebook: A Comparison of Snapchat and Facebook Use
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“Moreover, in some cases, the Facebook dependence has been associated with relationship frustration as well as the emergence of jealousy [25].”
BackgroundFacebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study
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BackgroundAtroszko, P. A., Balcerowska, J. M., Bereznowski, P., Biernatowska, A., Pallesen, S., & Schou Andreassen, C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.001 · Cited by 238
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“…is connected to lower relationship satisfaction and greater depressive symptoms (McDaniel & Coyne, 2016; Roberts & David, 2016) and that problematic use of cell phones or social networking sites is connected to lower relationship quality (Elphinstron & Noller, 2011; Miller-Ott et al., 2012).”
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“Facebook intrusion was also related to dissatisfaction with relationships [11].”
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“Prior research has suggested that problematic social media use can lead to decreased relational satisfaction, especially in intimate relationships (Elphinston and Noller, 2011).”
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“15 In addition, Elphinston and Noller 16 discovered that Facebook intrusion, by means of surveillance behaviors and jealous cognitions, was associated with relationship dissatisfaction for undergraduate college students who were currently in romantic relationships.”
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“2012) and the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ; Elphinston and Noller 2011).”
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Sedera, D., Lokuge, S., Atapattu, M., & Ulrike Gretzel, B. (2017) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.04.003 · Cited by 164
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“Previous studies have noted the prevalence of using Facebook to monitor partners, 2,4,5,11,25 and this study shed light on those findings by recognizing the role of attachment style in this process.”
Hou, X.-L., Wang, H.-Z., Guo, C., Gaskin, J., Rost, D. H., & Wang, J.-L. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.048 · Cited by 148
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“Elphinston and Noller (2011) explain that exposing one’s partner to all of these individuals, many of whom may be unknown to the partner, may increase the potential for jealousy and suspicion.”
BackgroundInfluentialBadenes-Ribera, L., Fabris, M. A., Gastaldi, F. G. M., Prino, L. E., & Longobardi, C. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.009 · Cited by 134
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“Some researchers indicate a new the problem: extensive Facebook use (Elphinston & Noller, 2011), defined as the kind of usage that lead to negative outcomes (Ryan, Chester, Reece, & Xenos, 2014).”
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“The Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (SMAQ) measures addiction to social media (Hawi and Samaha 2017b) and it is based on the Facebook Intrusion questionnaire (Elphinston and Noller 2011).”
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Sánchez-Fernández, M., & Mas, M. D. L. M. B. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11437-2 · Cited by 131
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“In the past years, however, the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ; Elphinston & Noller, 2011) and the short version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS; Andreas-sen et al., 2012) became the preferred instruments for the assessment of addictive social media use (see Duradoni et al.,…”
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Dysfunction of Self-Regulation and Self-Control in Facebook Addiction
Błachnio, A., & Przepiórka, A. (2015) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-015-9403-1 · Cited by 112
“The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, developed by Elphinston and Noller [7], is based on behavioral addiction components and on a scale measuring phone involvement.”
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Lindsay, M., Booth, J. M., Messing, J. T., & Thaller, J. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515584344 · Cited by 88
“…technologies (ICTs) and social media platforms, making stalking and harassment easier for perpetrators of intimate partner abuse (Alvarez, 2012; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Fox & Warber, 2013; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009; Schenk & Fremouw, 2012; Southworth, Finn, Dawson, Fraser, &…”
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“Feeling jealous and monitoring one’s partner are associated with relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston & Noller, 2011), but it may be difficult for people to stop creeping as it has been described as addictive (Muise et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Social Media Addiction and Self-Esteem among Turkish University Students
Köse, Ö. B., & Dogan, A. (2019) · Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions · doi:10.15805/addicta.2019.6.1.0036 · Cited by 87
“However, Elphinston and Noller (2011) have reported that excessive use of social media may harm relationships through surveillance behaviors and jealousy.”
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“19 In line with studies showing that narcissism is positively related to self-promotion through online platforms, it has been speculated that individuals with elevated narcissistic traits might report a compulsive use of social media because SNSs provide them with an ideal tool in which to…”
Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction: The Costs of Rumination
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“Previous research generally supports relationship dissatisfaction as an outcome of jealousy in romantic relationships (e.g., Barelds & Barelds-Dijkstra, 2007; Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDysfunction of Self-Control in Facebook Addiction: Impulsivity Is the Key
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Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, But Abusive Text Messages Also Hurt
Leisring, P. A., & Giumetti, G. (2014) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.5.3.323 · Cited by 81
“More recently, more than 90% of college students reported specifically using Facebook (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Locatelli, Kluwe, & Bryant, 2012), and they spend more than 6 hours per week using Facebook (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialHussain, Z., Wegmann, E., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00211 · Cited by 93
Chen, C. (2018) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1518469 · Cited by 92
“Numerous studies have indicated a positive relationship between life satisfaction and the level of Facebook use (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Grieve, Indian, Witteveen, Tolan, & Marrington, 2013; Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009).”
BackgroundI’m Watching You: Cyberstalking Behaviors of University Students in Romantic Relationships
Marcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Nicholson, J. (2016) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9358-2 · Cited by 80
Balcerowska, J. M., Bereznowski, P., Biernatowska, A., Atroszko, P. A., Pallesen, S., & Andreassen, C. S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00625-3 · Cited by 79
Interpersonal surveillance over social network sites
Tokunaga, R. (2016) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514568749 · Cited by 78
“The pervasive use of online surveillance and its influence on relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Muise, Cristofides, & Desmarais, 2009; Tokunaga, 2011) invite investigation on this topic.”
BackgroundInfluentialForoughi, B., Iranmanesh, M., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101247 · Cited by 77
Varona, M. N., Muela, A., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107400 · Cited by 77
Understanding students’ behavior in online social networks: a systematic literature review
Masrom, M. B., Busalim, A. H., Abuhassna, H., & Mahmood, N. H. N. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00240-7 · Cited by 101
Abbasi, I. S. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.038 · Cited by 101
Piteo, E. M., & Ward, K. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12373 · Cited by 75
Rus, H., & Tiemensma, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.004 · Cited by 72
“Construct Scale Studies utilizing this scale Reliability Validity M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT ED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS 67 Jealousy Facebook Jealousy Scale Billedo, Kirkhof, & Finkenauer (2015) Drouin, Miller, & Dibble (2014) Internal consistency: α = .96 None Hudson et al. (2…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiu, Y., Duan, L., Shen, Q., Ma, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, L., Wu, Y., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60326-w · Cited by 68
“The internet addiction level was measured using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Wei 59,60 .”
Blanca, M., & Bendayan, R. (2018) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.153 · Cited by 70
“The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ; Elphinston & Noller, 2011) comprises eight items rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).”
Cheng, C., Ebrahimi, O. V., & Luk, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27000 · Cited by 84
“The most popular ones include the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire [18] and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) [19].”
BackgroundBłachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Benvenuti, M., Mazzoni, E., & Seidman, G. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-0038-y · Cited by 68
“…person cannot have access to Facebook; (2) relapse and reinstatement, when person has failure in controlling their amount of Facebook use and cannot reduce it; and (3) euphoria, which embraces positive feelings and sense of connectedness with other people while using (Elphinston and Noller 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialOnline Mate-Retention Tactics on Facebook Are Associated With Relationship Aggression
Brem, M. J., Spiller, L., & Vandehey, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514554286 · Cited by 68
“Such surveillance behaviors may also provide a precipitant for intimate partner violence (Bowe, 2010; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009).”
BackgroundProblematic Facebook use and procrastination
Przepiórka, A., Błachnio, A., & Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.022 · Cited by 67
“Facebook intrusion includes such aspects as “withdrawal (distress related to an inability to access Facebook), relapse and reinstatement (efforts to reduce Facebook use that have been unsuccessful), and euphoria (feeling connected to others when using Facebook)” (Elphinston & Noller, 2011, p. 631).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial Networking Sites Addiction and the Effect of Attitude towards Social Network Advertising
Can, L., & Kaya, N. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.059 · Cited by 65
“…it for more than 60 min per day or those who use it for more than five hours per day (Hong et al., 2014) SNS addiction (also known as SNS intrusion) is defined as excessive involvement SNS activities and is a frequent cause of problems in everyday social functioning (Elphinston and Noller, 2011).”
BackgroundNavigating romantic relationships on Facebook
LeFebvre, L. E., Blackburn, K. G., & Brody, N. (2015) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514524848 · Cited by 65
“Facebook can encourage jealous thoughts and the engagement of surveillance behaviors, which have been found to be associated with dissatisfying relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDon't It Make My Brown Eyes Green? An Analysis of Facebook Use and Romantic Jealousy
Muscanell, N., Guadagno, R., Rice, L., & Murphy, S. (2013) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0411 · Cited by 65
“5 These results support the notion that Facebook use may produce or exacerbate jealousy within romantic relationships.”
Nitzburg, G. C., & Farber, B. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22045 · Cited by 68
Tammisalo, K., & Rotkirch, A. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221087942 · Cited by 76
“For example, studies using behavioral addiction scales in relation to ICT use (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) were excluded.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWang, M., Xu, Q., & He, N. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106601 · Cited by 76
Bröning, S., & Wartberg, L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106996 · Cited by 63
McCrory, A., Best, P., & Maddock, A. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.2196/preprints.18177 · Cited by 61
Social networking, a new online addiction: a review of Facebook and other addiction disorders
Guedes, E., Nardi, A. E., Guimarães, F. L., Machado, S. E. D. C., & King, A. L. S. (2016) · Medical Express · doi:10.5935/medicalexpress.2016.01.01 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-05-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 631-635
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2081820715
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 57.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- romantic jealousy, relationship satisfaction, relationship dissatisfaction, social network sites, young adults, technology addiction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Jealousy, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Young Adult, Social Media
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