Fermenting Red Ginseng Enhances Its Safety and Efficacy as a Novel Skin Care Anti-Aging Ingredient: In Vitro and Animal Study
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging potential and skin safety of red ginseng (RG) and fermented red ginseng (FRG) using Lactobacillus brevis for use as cosmetic ingredients. Concentrations of uronic acid, polyphenols, and flavonoids, and antioxidant activities were greater in FRG compared to RG. The contents of total ginsenosides were not significantly different. However, the ginsenoside metabolite content was higher in FRG (14,914.3 μg/mL) compared to RG (5697.9 μg/mL). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC(50)) of FRG was 27.63 μg/mL, and more potent compared with RG (34.14 μg/mL), (P<.05). The elastase inhibitory activity (IC(50)) of FRG was 117.07 μg/mL also higher compared with RG (157.90 μg/mL). In a primary skin irritation test, 10% RG and 10% FRG were classified as practically nonirritating materials. In a skin sensitization test, the RG group showed a sensitization rate of 100% and its mean evaluation score of irritation was 1.4, whereas the FRG group showed 20% and 0.2%, respectively. By fermentation of RG, FRG has increased contents of ginsenoside metabolites, such as Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, Rg2, and flavonoids content. Therefore, FRG offers increased anti-wrinkle efficacy, whitening efficacy, and reduced toxicological potency compared to RG.
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The Lee et al. 32 study falls under Level III evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine hierarchy.
“In terms of the level of evidence, this study falls under Level III according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine hierarchy.”
From Cosmeceuticals in photoaging: A review. (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
Fermenting red ginseng could enhance its benefits for skin health.
“The research was conducted through in vitro experiments and animal studies, with the findings suggesting that fermenting red ginseng could enhance its benefits for skin health.”
From Cosmeceuticals in photoaging: A review. (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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Identification of skin aging biomarkers correlated with the biomechanical properties
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- Authors
- Lee, H.-S., Kim, M.-R., Park, Y., Park, H. J., Chang, U. J., Kim, S. Y., & Suh, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Korea University (KR)
- Dongduk Women's University (KR)
- Hongcheon Institute of Medicinal Herbs, Hongcheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.
- Corresponding author
- Suh, Hyung Joo
- Venue
- Journal of Medicinal Food
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1015-1023
- ISSN
- 1096-620X (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7600
- PMC
- PMC3491619
- OpenAlex
- W1999280728
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Medicinal Food (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Quality and Safety Studies
- Keywords
- fermented red ginseng, red ginseng, skin anti-aging, skin care ingredients, tyrosinase inhibition, elastase inhibition, skin irritation, skin sensitization, ginsenoside metabolites, uronic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, whitening, cosmetic safety
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Antioxidants, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Fermentation, Panax, Guinea Pigs, Pancreatic Elastase, Plant Extracts, Skin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Monophenol Monooxygenase, Interleukin-6, Skin Care, Plant Roots, Ginsenosides, Polyphenols
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