CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 160Research, Science, and AcademiaAcademic integrity and plagiarismPharmaceutical industry and healthcare

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Price of Truth: How Money Affects the Norms of Science

Resnik, David B.·2007
DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309782.001.0001
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The financial and economic aspects of modern science raise many important and difficult questions for research ethics, the philosophy of science, and science policy. How does money affect scientific research? Can financial interests undermine scientific norms, such as objectivity, truthfulness, and honesty? Have scientists become entrepreneurs bent on making money instead of investigators searching for the truth? How does the commercialization of research affect the public’s perception of science? Can scientists prevent money from corrupting the research enterprise? What types of rules, polices, and guidelines should scientists adopt to prevent financial interests from adversely affecting research and the public’s opinion of science? This book examines these and other questions related to the financial and economic aspects of modern science. It investigates and analyzes the relationship between the pursuit of financial gain and the pursuit of knowledge. It considers how greed can affect the conduct of scientists, universities, corporations, and the public’s perception of science. It explores how moral, social, and political values affect public and private funding of research, and how debates about research funding reflect broader, ideological divisions within society. The book also proposes some policies for controlling, regulating, and monitoring financial interests in research and for counteracting money’s corrupting effects on science.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309782.001.0001

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 13 references

Research works printed but not linked: 249

  1. AAMC, 1990, Guidelines for dealing with conflicts of commitment and conflicts of interest in research., Academic Medicine
  2. Allison,, 2004, Kant’s transcendental idealism, 10.2307/j.ctt1cc2kjc · DOI
  3. American, 1995, Will science publishing perish? The paradox of contemporary science journals
  4. Andrews,, 2000, Body bazaar
  5. Angell,, 2000, Is academic medicine for sale?., The New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM200005183422009 · DOI
  6. 2004, The truth about drug companies
  7. Ayer,, 1952, Language, truth, and logic
  8. Babbage,, 1830, Reflections on the decline of science in England
  9. Bailar,, 1997, The promise and problems of meta‐analysis., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM199708213370810 · DOI
  10. Barinaga,, 1999, No winners in patent shootout., Science, 10.1126/science.284.5421.1752 · DOI
  11. 2000, Soft money’s hard realities., Science, 10.1126/science.289.5487.2024 · DOI
  12. Benatar,, 2000, Avoiding exploitation in clinical research., Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 10.1017/S096318010000414X · DOI
  13. Berkeley,, 1710, Principles of human knowledge
  14. Blackburn,, 2004, Bioethics and the political distortion of biomedical science., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJMp048072 · DOI
  15. Bloor,, 1991, Knowledge and social imagery
  16. Blumenstyk,, 2003, Colleges report $827 million in 2001 royalties., Chronicle of Higher Education
  17. Blumenthal,, 1997, Withholding research results in academic life science: Evidence from a national survey of faculty., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.277.15.1224 · DOI
  18. Blumenthal,, 1996, Participation of life science faculty in research relationships with industry., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM199612053352305 · DOI
  19. Blumenthal,, 1986, Industrial support of university research in biotechnology., Science, 10.1126/science.3941897 · DOI
  20. Bodenheimer,, 2000, Uneasy alliance: Clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry., The New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM200005183422024 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Bok,, 2003, Universities in the marketplace
  22. Bombardier,, 2000, Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM200011233432103 · DOI
  23. Booth,, 1988, Conflict of interest eyed at Harvard., Science, 10.1126/science.3201233 · DOI
  24. Bowie,, 1994, University‐business partnerships: An assessment
  25. Boyd,, 1984, Scientific Realism
  26. Bradley,, 2000, Scientific Integrity
  27. Broad,, 1993, Betrayers of the truth
  28. Brody,, 1998, The ethics of biomedical research: An international perspective, 10.1093/oso/9780195090079.001.0001 · DOI
  29. Brown,, 2000, Privatizing the university—The new tragedy of the commons., Science, 10.1126/science.290.5497.1701 · DOI
  30. Bush,, 1945, Science: The endless frontier
  31. Butler,, 1999, The writing is on the web for science journals in print., Nature, 10.1038/16544 · DOI
  32. Callaham,, 1998, Positive‐outcome bias and other limitations in the outcome research abstracts submitted to a scientific meeting., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.280.3.254 · DOI
  33. Campbell,, 2002, Data withholding in academic genetics: Evidence from a national survey., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.287.4.473 · DOI
  34. Carnap,, 1950, Empiricism, semantics, and ontology., Revue Internationale de Philosophie
  35. Cho,, 1996, Quality of drug studies published in symposium proceedings., Annals of Internal Medicine, 10.7326/0003-4819-124-5-199603010-00004 · DOI
  36. Cho,, 2000, Policies on faculty conflicts of interest at U.S. universities., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.284.17.2203 · DOI
  37. Chubin,, 1990, Peerless science
  38. Churchland,, 1985, Images of science: Essays on realism and empiricism
  39. Clery,, 2004, Mixed week for open access in the U.K., Science, 10.1126/science.306.5699.1115a · DOI
  40. Cohen,, 1994, U.S.‐French patent dispute heads for showdown., Science, 10.1126/science.8016652 · DOI
  41. 2003, Earmark draws criticism, creates confusion., Science, 10.1126/science.302.5651.1639a · DOI
  42. Collins,, 2001, Implications of the human genome project for medical science., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.285.5.540 · DOI
  43. Collins,, 2003, The human genome project: Lessons from large‐scale biology., Science, 10.1126/science.1084564 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Couzin,, 2004, Legislators propose a registry to track clinical trials from start to finish., Science, 10.1126/science.305.5691.1695 · DOI
  45. Curd,, 1998, Philosophy of science
  46. Daley,, 2004, Missed opportunities in embryonic stem‐cell research., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJMp048200 · DOI
  47. Dalton,, 2001, Peers under pressure., Nature, 10.1038/35093252 · DOI
  48. Dana,, 2003, A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.290.2.252 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Davis,, 1982, Conflict of interest., Business and professional ethics journal, 10.5840/bpej1982149 · DOI
  50. Davis,, 2002, Editorial independence at medical journals owned by professional associations: A survey of editors., Science and Engineering Ethics, 10.1007/s11948-002-0004-7 · DOI
  51. De, 2000, Conflict of interest and the public trust., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.284.17.2237 · DOI
  52. Demaine,, 2002, Reinventing the double helix: A novel and nonobvious reconceptualization of the biotechnology patent., Stanford Law Review, 10.2307/1229595 · DOI
  53. 2003, Natural substances and patentable inventions., Science, 10.1126/science.1083367 · DOI
  54. Dewey,, 1910, The influence of Darwin on philosophy and other essays in contemporary thought, 10.5962/bhl.title.17966 · DOI
  55. Doll,, 1998, The patenting of DNA., Science, 10.1126/science.280.5364.689 · DOI
  56. Drazen,, 2002, Financial associations of authors., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJMe020074 · DOI
  57. Dresser,, 2001, When science offers salvation: Patient advocacy and research ethics., 10.1093/oso/9780195143133.001.0001 · DOI
  58. Ducor,, 2000, Coauthorship and coinventorship., Science, 10.1126/science.289.5481.873 · DOI
  59. Dupré,, 1993, The disorder of things: Metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science.
  60. Eisenberg,, 2003, Patent swords and shields., Science, 10.1126/science.1081790 · DOI
  61. Emanuel,, 2001, The ethics of placebo‐controlled trials—A middle ground., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM200109203451211 · DOI
  62. Emanuel,, 2004, Ethical and regulatory aspects of clinical research, 10.56021/9780801878138 · DOI
  63. Fine,, 1996, The shaky game: Einstein, realism, and quantum mechanics, 10.7208/chicago/9780226923260.001.0001 · DOI
  64. Flanagin,, 1998, Prevalence of articles with honorary and ghost authors in peer‐reviewed medical journals., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.280.3.222 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Fletcher,, 1997, Evidence for the effectiveness of peer review., Science and Engineering Ethics, 10.1007/s11948-997-0015-5 · DOI
  66. Foerstel,, 1993, Secret science: Federal control of American science and technology
  67. Foster,, 1993, Patents, copyrights, and trademarks
  68. Francisco,, 2002, Drug development for neglected diseases., The Lancet, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11170-6 · DOI
  69. Friedberg,, 1999, Evaluation of conflict of interest in new drugs used in oncology., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.282.15.1453 · DOI
  70. Gelijns,, 2002, Medical innovation and institutional interdependence: Rethinking university‐industry connections., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.287.1.72 · DOI
  71. Gibbs,, 1996, The price of silence: Does profit‐minded secrecy retard scientific progress?, Scientific American, 10.1038/scientificamerican1196-15 · DOI
  72. Gibbard,, 1990, Wise choices, apt feelings, 10.1093/oso/9780198249856.001.0001 · DOI
  73. Giere,, 1988, Explaining science, 10.7208/chicago/9780226292038.001.0001 · DOI
  74. 2004, Understanding scientific reasoning
  75. Goldhammer,, 2001, Current issues in clinical research and the development of new pharmaceuticals., Accountability in Research, 10.1080/08989620108573981 · DOI
  76. Goldman,, 1986, Epistemology and cognition
  77. 1999, Knowledge in social world, 10.1093/0198238207.001.0001 · DOI
  78. Goozner,, 2004, The $800 million pill, 10.1525/9780520939288 · DOI
  79. Grassler,, 2003, Patent pooling: Uncorking a technology transfer bottleneck and creating value in the biomedical research field., Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 10.1057/palgrave.jcb.3040016 · DOI
  80. Green,, 2001, The human embryo research debates: Bioethics in the vortex of controversy
  81. Greenberg,, 2001, Science, money, and politics
  82. Gregory,, 2003, Notice of duplicate publication., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJMe038100 · DOI
  83. Guenin,, 1996, Norms for patents concerning human and other life forms., Theoretical Medicine, 10.1007/BF00489450 · DOI
  84. Guston,, 2000, Between politics and science, 10.1017/CBO9780511571480 · DOI
  85. Gutmann,, 1996, Democracy and disagreement
  86. Haack,, 2003, Defending science within reason
  87. Hall,, 2001, The patent paradox revisited: An empirical study of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry., Rand Journal of Economics, 10.2307/2696400 · DOI
  88. Hamilton,, 2000, The law of corporations
  89. Harding,, 1986, The science question in feminism
  90. Haskins,, 1957, The rise of universities
  91. Heller,, 1998, Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research., Science, 10.1126/science.280.5364.698 · DOI
  92. Holden,, 2002, “Show us the cells,” U.S. researchers say., Science, 10.1126/science.297.5583.923 · DOI
  93. Honderich,, 1995, The Oxford companion to philosophy
  94. Hull,, 1988, Science as a process, 10.7208/chicago/9780226360492.001.0001 · DOI
  95. Hume,, 1748, An enquiry concerning human understanding
  96. Huth,, 1986, Irresponsible authorship and wasteful publication., Annals of Internal Medicine, 10.7326/0003-4819-104-2-257 · DOI
  97. 2000, Ethical issues in biomedical publication
  98. Institute, 2005, Complementary and alternative medicine in the United States
  99. Iribarne,, 2003, Orphan diseases and adoptive initiatives., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.290.1.116 · DOI
  100. Jaffe,, 1996, Patterns and trends of research and development expenditures in the United States., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.93.23.12658 · DOI
  101. Jaffe,, 2004, Innovation and its discontents
  102. JAMA, 1999, Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.281.5.460 · DOI
  103. James,, 1898, The will to believe
  104. Jones,, 2000, Ethical issues in biomedical publication
  105. Kaiser,, 1999, Plan for divulging raw data eases fears., Science, 10.1126/science.283.5404.914b · DOI
  106. 2003, NIH roiled by inquiries over grants hit list., Science, 10.1126/science.302.5646.758 · DOI
  107. 2004, Senators probe alleged financial conflicts at NIH., Science, 10.1126/science.303.5658.603 · DOI
  108. 2004, Conflict of interest: Report suggests NIH weigh consulting ban., Science, 10.1126/science.305.5687.1090b · DOI
  109. 2004, House votes to kill grants, limit travel to meetings., Science, 10.1126/science.305.5691.1688 · DOI
  110. Kant,, 1753, Grounding for the metaphysics of morals
  111. 1787, Critique of pure reason
  112. Karp,, 1991, Experimental use as patent infringement: The impropriety of broad exemption., Yale Law Journal, 10.2307/796819 · DOI
  113. Kassirer,, 1999, Editorial independence., The New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM199905273402109 · DOI
  114. Kealey,, 1997, The economic laws of scientific research
  115. Kerr,, 2001, The uses of the university
  116. Kim,, 2004, Potential research participants’ views regarding researcher and institutional financial conflicts of interest, Journal of Medical Ethics, 10.1136/jme.2002.001461 · DOI
  117. Kintisch,, 2005, Researcher faces prison for fraud in NIH grant applications and papers., Science, 10.1126/science.307.5717.1851a · DOI
  118. Kitcher,, 1993, The advancement of science
  119. 2001, Science, truth, and democracy, 10.1093/0195145836.001.0001 · DOI
  120. Klee,, 1997, Introduction to the philosophy of science
  121. Knorr‐Cetina,, 1981, The manufacture of knowledge
  122. Krimsky,, 2003, Science in the private interest
  123. Krimsky,, 1996, Financial interests of authors in scientific journals: A pilot study of 14 publications., Science and Engineering Ethics, 10.1007/BF02583927 · DOI
  124. Kuhn,, 1970, The structure of scientific revolutions
  125. 1977, The essential tension
  126. LaFollette,, 1992, Stealing into print, 10.1525/9780520917804 · DOI
  127. Laudan,, 1984, Science and values
  128. Latour,, 1986, The social construction of facts
  129. Lawler,, 2004, Harvard enters stem cell fray., Science, 10.1126/science.303.5663.1453b · DOI
  130. Leshner,, 2003, Don’t let ideology trump science., Science, 10.1126/science.302.5650.1479 · DOI
  131. Lidz,, 2002, The therapeutic misconception: Problems and solutions., Medical Care, 10.1097/00005650-200209001-00008 · DOI
  132. Lo,, 2000, Conflict of interest policies for investigators in clinical trials., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM200011303432206 · DOI
  133. Locke,, 1690, An essay concerning human understanding, 10.1093/oseo/instance.00018020 · DOI
  134. Lockwood,, 2004, Human testing of pesticides: Ethical and scientific considerations., American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1908 · DOI
  135. Lycan,, 1988, Judgment and justification
  136. MacIlwain,, 1999, Scientists fight for right to withhold data., Nature, 10.1038/17163 · DOI
  137. Magnus,, 2002, Who Owns Life?
  138. Malakoff,, 2003, Opening the books on open access., Science, 10.1126/science.302.5645.550 · DOI
  139. 2004, 2005 budget makes flat a virtue., Science, 10.1126/science.303.5659.748 · DOI
  140. Marshall,, 1999, Two former grad students sue over alleged misuses of ideas., Science, 10.1126/science.284.5414.562 · DOI
  141. 1999, Universities balk at OMB funding rules., Science, 10.1126/science.278.5340.1007a · DOI
  142. 2001, Sharing the glory, not the credit., Science, 10.1126/science.291.5507.1189 · DOI
  143. 2001, Testing time for missile defense., Science, 10.1126/science.293.5536.1750 · DOI
  144. 2001, Gene therapy in trial., Science, 10.1126/science.288.5468.951 · DOI
  145. 2001, Appeals court clears way for academic suits., Science, 10.1126/science.293.5529.411b · DOI
  146. Martin,, 1995, Against intellectual property., Philosophy and Social Action
  147. May,, 1999, The scientific investment of nations., Science, 10.1126/science.281.5373.49 · DOI
  148. Mayo,, 1996, Error and the growth of experimental knowledge, 10.7208/chicago/9780226511993.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
  149. Mayr,, 1982, The growth of biological thought
  150. McCrary,, 2000, A national survey of policies on disclosure of conflicts of interest in biomedical research., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM200011303432207 · DOI
  151. McLellan,, 2000, Ethical issues in biomedical publication
  152. McPherson,, 2003, Funding roller coaster for public higher education., Science, 10.1126/science.1091568 · DOI
  153. Meadows,, 1992, The great scientists
  154. Merges,, 1990, On the complex economics of patent scope., Columbia Law Review, 10.2307/1122920 · DOI
  155. Merton,, 1938, Science and the social order., Philosophy of Science, 10.1086/286513 · DOI
  156. 1973, The sociology of science
  157. Miller,, 2000, Intellectual property
  158. Miller,, 2000, Disclosing doctors’ incentives: Will consumers understand and value the information?., Health Affairs, 10.1377/hlthaff.19.4.149 · DOI
  159. Morin,, 1998, The standard of disclosure in human subject experimentation., Journal of Legal Medicine, 10.1080/01947649809511059 · DOI
  160. Morin,, 2002, Managing conflict of interest in the conduct of clinical trials., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.287.1.78 · DOI
  161. Moses,, 2005, Financial anatomy of biomedical research., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.294.11.1333 · DOI
  162. Moses,, 2001, Academic relationships with industry: A new model for research., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.285.7.933 · DOI
  163. Murphy,, 2000, Expert witnesses at trial: Where are the ethics?, The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics
  164. National, 1992, Responsible science
  165. 1997, Advisor, teacher, role model, friend: On being a mentor to students in science and engineering.
  166. National, 2002, Integrity in science.
  167. National, 1996, Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals
  168. Newton‐Smith,, 1981, The rationality of science, 10.4324/9780203317211 · DOI
  169. Odlyzko,, 1995, Electronic publishing confronts academia: The agenda for the year 2000
  170. Office, 2000, Federal Research Misconduct Policy., Federal Register
  171. Olivieri,, 2003, Patients’ health or company profits? The commercialization of academic research., Science and Engineering Ethics, 10.1007/s11948-003-0017-x · DOI
  172. Peirce,, 1940, Philosophical writings
  173. Pennock,, 1996, Inappropriate authorship in collaborative scientific research., Public Affairs Quarterly
  174. Pickering,, 1992, Science as practice and culture, 10.7208/chicago/9780226668208.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
  175. Popper,, 1959, The logic of scientific discovery
  176. Press,, 2000, The kept university., The Atlantic Monthly.
  177. Public, 1995, Objectivity in research., Federal Register
  178. Pulley,, 2002, U. of Arkansas receives $300‐million pledge, the largest ever to a public college., Chronicle of Higher Education
  179. Quine,, 1961, Word and object
  180. 1977, Ontological relativity and other essays
  181. 1986, Theories and things
  182. Quine,, 1978, The web of belief
  183. Rawls,, 1993, Political liberalism
  184. Relman,, 1999, The NIH “E‐biomed” proposal: A potential threat to the evaluation and orderly dissemination of new clinical studies., New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM199906103402309 · DOI
  185. Rennie,, 1999, Fair conduct and fair reporting of clinical trials., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.282.18.1766 · DOI
  186. 2000, Improving the conduct and reporting of clinical trials., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.283.21.2787 · DOI
  187. Rennie,, 1997, When authorship fails: A proposal to make authors more accountable., Journal of the American Medical Association, 10.1001/jama.278.7.579 · DOI
  188. Resnik,, 1992, Are methodological rules hypothetical imperatives?, Philosophy of Science, 10.1086/289688 · DOI
  189. 1992, The fittingness theory of truth., Philosophical Studies, 10.1007/BF00354472 · DOI
  190. 1993, Do scientific aims justify methodological rules?., Erkenntnis, 10.1007/BF01128981 · DOI
  191. 1996, Data falsification in clinical trials., Science Communication, 10.1177/1075547096018001003 · DOI
  192. 1997, A proposal for a new system of credit allocation in science., Science and Engineering Ethics, 10.1007/s11948-997-0023-5 · DOI · Paper page
  193. 1998, The ethics of science
  194. 1998, The ethics of HIV research in developing nations., Bioethics, 10.1111/1467-8519.00118 · DOI
  195. 1998, Conflicts of interest in science., Perspectives on Science
  196. 2000, Financial interests and research bias., Perspectives on Science, 10.1162/106361400750340497 · DOI
  197. 2000, Statistics, ethics, and research: An agenda for education and reform., Accountability in Research, 10.1080/08989620008573971 · DOI
  198. 2001, Setting biomedical research priorities: Justice, science, and public participation., Kennedy Institute for Ethics Journal, 10.1353/ken.2001.0017 · DOI
  199. 2001, DNA patents and scientific discovery and innovation: Assessing benefits and risks., Science and Engineering Ethics, 10.1007/s11948-001-0023-9 · DOI
  200. 2001, Developing drugs for the developing world: An economic, legal, moral, and political dilemma., Developing World Bioethics, 10.1111/1471-8847.00004 · DOI

200 of 249 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 160

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Resnik, D. B.
Affiliations
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
Corresponding author
Resnik, David B.
ORCID
Resnik, David B.
Publisher
Oxford University PressNew York
Published
2007-01-01
DOI
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309782.001.0001
OpenAlex
W2501567833
Cited by
160
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
FWCI
13.60
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
closed
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Research, Science, and Academia
  • Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
Keywords
research funding, financial conflicts of interest, commercialization of research, research ethics, scientific objectivity, public perception of science, science policy, research regulation, university-industry relations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review