Cited by 719Ethics and Social Impacts of AIPhilosophical Ethics and TheoryEthics in Business and Education

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Moral Machines

Wallach, Wendell, Allen, Colin·2009·Oxford University Press

DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001

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Abstract

The human‐built environment is increasingly being populated by artificial agents that, through artificial intelligence (AI), are capable of acting autonomously. The software controlling these autonomous systems is, to‐date, “ethically blind” in the sense that the decision‐making capabilities of such systems does not involve any explicit moral reasoning. The title Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong refers to the need for these increasingly autonomous systems (robots and software bots) to become capable of factoring ethical and moral considerations into their decision making. The new field of inquiry directed at the development of artificial moral agents is referred to by a number of names including machine morality, machine ethics, roboethics, or artificial morality. Engineers exploring design strategies for systems sensitive to moral considerations in their choices and actions will need to determine what role ethical theory should play in defining control architectures for such systems.

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Items 301–400 of 719

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Biondi, Z. (2023) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-022-00604-x · Cited by 7
“A version of the issue is found in Wallach & Allen (2009) .”
Background
Responsibility before freedom: closing the responsibility gaps for autonomous machines
MirzaeiGhazi, S., & Stenseke, J. (2024) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-024-00503-9 · Cited by 7
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Sholla, S., Mir, R. N., & Chishti, M. A. (2018) · International Journal of Technoethics · doi:10.4018/ijt.2018070106 · Cited by 7
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If Our Aim Is to Build Morality Into an Artificial Agent, How Might We Begin to Go About Doing So?
Seeamber, R., & Badea, C. (2023) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2023.3320875 · Cited by 7
Safety Constraints and Ethical Principles in Collective Decision Making Systems
Rossi, F. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24489-1_1 · Cited by 10
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Loh, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17483-5_6 · Cited by 7
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Gerdes, A. (2018) · European Journal of Risk Regulation · doi:10.1017/err.2018.62 · Cited by 8
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“…ethical principles (a version of Kant’s categorical imperative or Mills/Bentham’s utilitarianism) (Allen et al., 2006; Anderson & Anderson, 2011, 2014; Floridi & Sanders, 2004; Hibbard, 2015; Wallach & Allen, 2009; Wallach et al., 2008; Wal-ISSN Paweł Polak, Roman Krzanowski lach et al., 2010).”
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“‘Moral decision-making is as important as any other consideration’ in AI (Wallach and Allen, 2009).”
Background
Responsibility assignment won’t solve the moral issues of artificial intelligence
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Health Warnings: Reading Kazuo Ishiguro in Times of Crisis
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“Many scholars within the parade of humanities and social sciences are grappling with the questions of what it means to be human created in the image of God and the ethics of human-AGI interactions (see, e.g., Wallach and Allen 2009; de Graaf 2016; Danaher and MacArthur 2017).”
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Can Robots have Personal Identity?
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Sotala, K., & Yampolskiy, R. V. (2017) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_3 · Cited by 8
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“Whether machines, AI, and robots can be “artificial moral agents” at all is a matter of ongoing debate (Coeckelbergh 2020; Véliz 2021; Wallach and Allen 2009).”
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Giubilini, A. (2025) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-025-10423-w · Cited by 11
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Liu, Y., & Wang, T. Y. (2025) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102862 · Cited by 7
Designing technology in the age of digitalization: needs for technology assessment and ethics
Grünwald, A. (2019) · Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering · doi:10.2478/mape-2019-0060 · Cited by 5
Artificial intelligence and robotics as the driving power of modern society
Jerbić, B., & Švaco, M. (2023) · Rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Tehničke znanosti · doi:10.21857/94kl4cld6m · Cited by 6
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Berber, A. (2023) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01814-x · Cited by 5
“The result of these tendencies is the project of machine ethics (Anderson and Anderson 2007, 2010, 2011; Wallach and Allen 2009; Howard and Muntean 2017) that is 7 This intuitive claim can be corroborated with empirical evidence.”
Designing Ethical A.I. Under the Current Socio-Economic Milieu: Philosophical, Political and Economic Challenges of Ethics by Design for A.I.
Perperidis, G. (2024) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-024-00766-4 · Cited by 5
“Accounts on this direction have been developed by Kling (1996), Friedman and Kahn ( 2003 ), Wendell Wallach and Allen ( 2009 ), and Friedman and Hendry ( 2019 ).”
Turing’s Test vs the Moral Turing Test
Proudfoot, D. (2024) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-024-00825-w · Cited by 7
“Here it is specifically ‘the question-and-answer format’ of the test and corresponding MTT that they deem problematic (Wallach & Allen, 2009: 206).”
Human-Robot Interaction Ethics in Sci-Fi Movies: Ethics Are Not ‘There’, We Are the Ethics!
Mesbahi, M. E. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20886-2_55 · Cited by 5
“Involving Interface”: An Extended Mind Theoretical Approach to Roboethics
Anderson, M., Ishiguro, H., & Fukushi, T. (2010) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2010.524082 · Cited by 5
“Meanwhile, more basic moral agents will need to have at least what Wallach and Allen (2009) have called “functional morality,” that is, designers and users that consider the ethical values being implemented in and through robots, since ethical values are created in robots and designed systems…”
Background
Counterfactuals in Critical Thinking with Application to Morality
Pereira, L. M., & Saptawijaya, A. (2016) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-38983-7_15 · Cited by 5
“Computational morality [1, 36] is a burgeoning field that emerges from the need of imbuing autonomous agents with the capacity of moral decision making to enable them to function in an ethically responsible manner via their own ethical decisions.”
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Risks of the Journey to the Singularity
Sotala, K., & Yampolskiy, R. V. (2017) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_2 · Cited by 5
Der militärische Einsatz bewaffneter Drohnen
Koch, B., & Rinke, B. (2018) · TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis · doi:10.14512/tatup.27.3.38 · Cited by 5
Artificial Intelligence
Vassileva, B. K. (2020) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4285-9.ch001 · Cited by 5
On formal ethics versus inclusive moral deliberation
Herzog, C. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00045-4 · Cited by 6
Speculating About Robot Moral Standing: On the Constitution of Social Robots as Objects of Governance
de Pagter, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.769349 · Cited by 6
“If they were to become reality on a wide scale, autonomous social robots are set to disturb modernist understandings of fundamental notions that are integral to the boundary between humans and machines, such as (moral) agency, responsibility, personhood, or empathy (Wallach and Allen, 2009).”
Background
Criticizing Danaher’s Approach to Superficial State Deception
Musiał, M. (2023) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-023-00452-2 · Cited by 5
“Frequently, robotic deception is considered to result in various negative consequences and is thought to be wrong in and of itself (Sparrow, 2002; Sparrow & Sparrow, 2006; Turkle, 2007 , 2010; Wallach & Allen, 2009; Sharkey & Sharkey, 2012; Sharkey & Sharkey, 2020).”
Background
Einstiegsdrohnen: Zur deutschen Diskussion um bewaffnete unbemannte Luftfahrzeuge
Sauer, F. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik · doi:10.1007/s12399-014-0411-2 · Cited by 5
Ethics, Law, and Governance in the Development of Robots
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Self-citation
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Kõyama, T. (2016) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso.2016.7736246 · Cited by 6
Moral judgment system using evaluation expressions
Yamamoto, M., & Hagiwara, M. (2014) · Joint International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS&ISIS) · doi:10.1109/scis-isis.2014.7044667 · Cited by 5
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Method
Maschinenethik und strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit
Simmler, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17483-5_30 · Cited by 5
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Dodig-Crnković, G. (2012) · Philosophy of engineering and technology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4292-5_1 · Cited by 6
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AI and the Relationship Between Agency, Autonomy, and Moral Patiency
Formosa, P., Hipólito, I., & Montefiore, T. (2026) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14537-6_3 · Cited by 14
Intelligent and caring robots by 2050? Narratives and future orientations for technocare in Japan
Togni, G. D. (2026) · Contemporary Japan · doi:10.1080/18692729.2026.2612808 · Cited by 4
“…(Sutko 2019); the lack of explainability and transparency of these technologies (European Commission High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence 2019); and uncertainty surrounding the possibility that AIs themselves might be capable of moral decision-making (Wallach and Allen 2009, 2011).”
Blame the Robot: Role Responsibility and Ethical Issues Regarding AI-Based Care Robots
Kropf, M., Spöck, C., & Werner, R. (2026) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-026-01369-z · Cited by 5
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Misselhorn, C. (2024) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180123000555 · Cited by 4
[Scholar’s Corner: Confucianism in and for the Modern World] Digital Confucius and Virtuous AI: Confucianism in the Age of AI and Robotics
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Background
Tool-Augmented Human Creativity
Hole, K. (2024) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-024-09677-x · Cited by 4
“Some believe entities must have (phenomenal) consciousness to be held morally responsible for actions (Wallach and Allen, 2009).”
Influential
Retracted: The Ethics of AI in Literature: Reflections On Representation and Responsibility
Saddhono, K., Nugrahani, F., Syamsuri, A. S., Ermanto, Rahim, A., & Sarimanah, E. (2024) · International Conference on IoT, Communication and Automation Technology (ICICAT) · doi:10.1109/icicat62666.2024.10923247 · Cited by 7
Retracted
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“…bevy of excellent literature that takes western philosophical values as the basis for thinking about AI (e.g., Gunkel 2018; Taddeo and Floridi 2018; Wallach and Allen 2009), we argue that there are good reasons for complementing these approaches with attention to nonwestern philosophies and values.”
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Agency, Responsibility, Selves, and the Mechanical Mind
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Ethische KI? Datenbasierte Systeme (DS) mit Ethik
Kirchschlaeger, P. G. (2022) · HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik · doi:10.1365/s40702-022-00843-2 · Cited by 4
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Unavoidable Collisions. The Automation of Moral Judgment
Fossa, F. (2023) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22982-4_4 · Cited by 5
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“All AIs are Psychopaths”? The Scope and Impact of a Popular Analogy
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“…and rational capacities (Russel & Nor-vig, 2021), but there is a litany of ‘missing’ properties (consciousness, sentience, autonomy, emotions, etc.) that AI agents would need to have before being considered as genuine or ‘full’ Artificial Moral Agents (AMAs) (Moor, 2009; Wallach & Allen, 2009).”
Kantianism for the Ethics of Human–Robot Interaction
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Blueprints for Machine Ethics: A Digital Terrarium for Socio-Ethical Artificial Agent Decisionmaking
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Martial Bliss: War and Peace in Popular Science Robotics
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Corporate moral agency as an epistemological organizing principle
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Ethical Design of a Robot Platform for Disabled Employees: Some Practical Methodological Considerations
Colombino, T., Gallo, D., Shreepriya, S., Im, Y., & Cha, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.643160 · Cited by 3
Mensch, Maschine und Verantwortung
Nida‐Rümelin, J., & Battaglia, F. (2018) · Springer Reference Geisteswissenschaften · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17484-2_5-1 · Cited by 3

Authors: Wallach, W., & Allen, C.
ORCID: Wallach, Wendell
Allen, Colin
Venue: Oxford University Press
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2009-02-01
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001
OpenAlex: W4247462173
Cited by: 711
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 70 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 22.38
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
Keywords: machine ethics, artificial morality, robot ethics, autonomous systems, ethical decision-making, control architecture, moral theory, robots, bots

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