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Moral Machines
Abstract
The human‐built environment is increasingly being populated by artificial agents that, through artificial intelligence (AI), are capable of acting autonomously. The software controlling these autonomous systems is, to‐date, “ethically blind” in the sense that the decision‐making capabilities of such systems does not involve any explicit moral reasoning. The title Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong refers to the need for these increasingly autonomous systems (robots and software bots) to become capable of factoring ethical and moral considerations into their decision making. The new field of inquiry directed at the development of artificial moral agents is referred to by a number of names including machine morality, machine ethics, roboethics, or artificial morality. Engineers exploring design strategies for systems sensitive to moral considerations in their choices and actions will need to determine what role ethical theory should play in defining control architectures for such systems.
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“Several expert committees have been created to this end, such as the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission, the Expert Group on AI in Society of the OECD, and the Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the UK's House of Lords.153”
From Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Decisions (2023) · cites this paper as [153]
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Banzon, A. M., Beever, J., & Taub, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3275624 · Cited by 23
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Bao, A., Zeng, Y., & Lu, E. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02143-6 · Cited by 19
“The Bottom-up approach for modeling human moral faculties into machines (Wallach and Allen, 2008) and the idea of Virtual Interactive Environment is internally consistent and will help social robots learn ethical models of society.”
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Sebastián, M. Á. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03105-8 · Cited by 18
“Hence, it is not surprising that the interest in ethical questions prompted by the possibility of AISs being agents in their own right—what is known as “machine ethics”—has increased exponentially as AISs become more integrated in our daily life (Müller, 2020; Wallach & Allen, 2010).”
Exploring the Ethical Landscape of Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue
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“This development has fueled a growing realization that ethics of human-robot interaction needs to be addressed, evidenced by a growing number of publications, workshops and conferences addressing roboethics (Wallach and Allen, 2008; Lin et al., 2011; Murphy and Woods, 2009; Malle et al., 2015).”
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“In fact, this is the only truly novel element of our proposal, as the overall goal of somehow endowing AGIs with morality is not new (for a modern summary see Wallach and Allen 2009) and as a fundamental ethical precept the PGC is strongly related to the categorical imperative, which has already received considerable…”
BackgroundMoral sensitivity and the limits of artificial moral agents
Graff, J. (2024) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09755-9 · Cited by 17
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“But we can go further in our reflection - what if there is not just a choice between good and evil, but both options are bad (Wallach 2009).”
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BackgroundTowards Modeling Morality Computationally with Logic Programming
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“A new field of enquiry, computational morality (also known as machine ethics, machine morality, artificial morality and computational ethics) has emerged from their interaction, as emphasized e.g., in [5] [17] [65].”
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“Because of the importance of context (or the environment) apparently well-established programmed rules can conflict with each other and create unexpected, and sometimes undesirable outcomes), it becomes a pressing issue as autonomous robots are being deployed [153].”
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Malle, B. F., & Magar, S. T. (2017) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3029798.3038378 · Cited by 14
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“We believe that in order to create an ethical robot, one should consider incorporating aspects of all the ethical theories discussed above (Wallach and Allen 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialAfter confronting one uncanny valley, another awaits
Stein, J., & MacDorman, K. F. (2024) · Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44287-024-00041-w · Cited by 12
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“…on the contrary, it makes them more complex, as it prompts debates about whether some form of machine ethics is attainable, where machines learn to make ethical judgements and could thus be held accountable for any unethical conduct (e.g. Anderson and Anderson, 2011; Wallach and Allen, 2009).”
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Gunkel, D. J. (2014) · International series on intelligent systems, control and automation: science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_10 · Cited by 14
“building of a (ro)bot with a somatic architecture capable of feeling intense pain be morally justified and should it be prohibited? [42] If it were in fact possible to construct a robot that "feels pain" (however defined and instantiated) in order to”
BackgroundSelf-Organizing Cooperative Dynamics in Government Extended Enterprises
John, L., John, G. B., Parker, M., Sauser, B. J., & Wade, J. P. (2017) · IEEE Systems Journal · doi:10.1109/jsyst.2016.2647598 · Cited by 11
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Technology and the Virtues: a Response to My Critics
Vallor, S. (2017) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-017-0289-8 · Cited by 12
“…influential work in the rapidly growing field of applied machine ethics, it is proposed that we look further than top-down, rule-based ethical theories to Ba very different conception of morality that can be traced to Aristotle, namely, virtue ethics^ (Wallach and Allen 2009, 10, emphasis added).”
BackgroundFairness and Bias in Robot Learning
Londoño, L., Hurtado, J. V., Hertz, N., Kellmeyer, P., Vöeneky, S., & Valada, A. (2024) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898 · Cited by 43
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“On the other hand, the idea of letting machines implement ethical frameworks is not new to the academic ethical community and formed a big discussion about “artificial moral agents” [15] or “moral machines” [16].”
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Introduction: Machine Ethics and the Ethics of Building Intelligent Machines
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Towards a Framework Combining Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability
Baum, K. L., Hermanns, H., & Speith, T. (2019) · Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science · doi:10.4204/eptcs.286.4 · Cited by 18
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“A deeper understanding and codification of human morality should be part of the design process before implementing morality into robots (Wallach & Allen, 2009).”
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“Its importance has been emphasized as a research priority in AI [47] with funding supports [18, 46], in scientific meetings (e.g., [5, 6]), book publications (e.g., [4, 50, 51]), as well as a heightened public awareness to its economic import [10].”
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Military Robots and the Principle of Humanity: Distorting the Human Face of the Law?
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“Scholars have warned that social robots may disturb their users by performing behaviors that we would likely that perform social tasks “need some capacity for acquiring norms of the locale they find themselves in” (Wallach & Allen, 2008, p.108).”
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“By adopting a func-tionalist perspective, this paper argues that responsibility should be understood as a distributed role, shared among stakeholders within the socio-technical ecosystem.”
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“There is a growing literature in the subject of machine ethics [13], [14].”
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“…Smids, 2016; Woollard, 2017), and an analogy between this and the trolley problem (Foot, 1967; Thomson, 1971, 1976) has been both supported (Bonnefon et al., 2015; Keeling, 2019; Lin, 2015; Wallach and Allen, 2009) and criticized (Himmelreich, 2018; Nyholm and Smids, 2016; Santoni de Sio, 2017).”
BackgroundA neuro fuzzy system for incorporating ethics in the internet of things
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“The work of thinkers such as Bostrom (2014), Wallach and Allen (2008), Wallach and Asaro (2016), Yudkowsky (2008), and others (Anderson and Anderson 2011)3 warns us that advances in the power of machines will very quickly create situations where machines will be in a position to make decisions that…”
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“Wallach and Allen [11] present a captivating event sequence starting with a software generated e-mail with a buy recommendation for oil futures that causes a sudden price climb, a power generation accident, spreading blackouts, a terrorist alarm, closing airports, air traffic control errors and an aircraft collision.”
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BackgroundEncoding Ethics to Compute Value-Aligned Norms
Serramia, M., Rodríguez-Soto, M., López-Sánchez, M., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Bistaffa, F., Boddington, P., Wooldridge, M., & Ansótegui, C. (2023) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-023-09649-7 · Cited by 17
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“, [4, 36, 50, 51]), as well as a heightened public awareness to its economic import [10].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wallach, W., & Allen, C.
- Venue
- Oxford University Press
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2009-02-01
- OpenAlex
- W4247462173
- Cited by
- 711
- References
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- FWCI
- 22.38
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Keywords
- machine ethics, artificial morality, robot ethics, autonomous systems, ethical decision-making, control architecture, moral theory, robots, bots
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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