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The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass

Roza, A M, Shizgal, H M·1984·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Abstract

The Harris Benedict equations (HBE) were derived from indirect calorimetric data obtained in 239 normal subjects. Using these data and additional data published by Benedict, which were obtained from subjects spanning a wider age range (n = 98), the present study evaluated the relationship between measured resting energy expenditure and age, sex, and predicted body cell mass (BCM). When the additional subjects from the subsequently published series are included, the regression equations, standard error of the estimate, and 95% confidence limits are similar to the original equations. The HBE estimate resting energy expenditure of a normal subject with a precision of 14%. Resting energy expenditure is directly related to the size of the BCM and is independent of age and sex. The variables of height, weight, age, and sex in the HBE reflect the relationship between body weight and the BCM. Indirect calorimetry and body composition measurements were performed in both normally nourished and malnourished patients (n = 74) to assess the accuracy of the HBE in malnourished patients. Malnutrition is associated with an increase in resting oxygen consumption (VO2) which becomes apparent only when VO2 is expressed as a function of the BCM. There is no difference in resting VO2 between the sexes when expressed as a function of BCM. A regression equation was derived from the Harris Benedict data to predict resting VO2 from age, height, weight, and sex. Predicted VO2 was not significantly different from measured VO2 for the normally nourished patients (n = 33) whereas in the malnourished (n = 41) predicted VO2 underestimated the measured value. The HBE accurately predict resting energy expenditure in normally nourished individuals with a precision of +/- 14%, but are unreliable in the malnourished patient.

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Predicting resting energy expenditure in underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese adult hospital patients
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“Harris & Benedict, 1984 Roza & Shizgal [11] H&B by Roza Data of Harris & Benedict (1918) and data of two further studies by Benedict with data on additional subjects (n: 168 M/169 F) M: 30 ± 14 y M: 88.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass, and body cell mass during energy restriction
Luke, A. H., & Schoeller, D. A. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90083-m · Cited by 90
Estimation of energy expenditure using prediction equations in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review
Madden, A. M., Mulrooney, H. M., & Shah, S. (2016) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12355 · Cited by 97
Soda Taxes and the Prices of Sodas and Other Drinks: Evidence from Mexico
Grogger, J. T. (2017) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aax024 · Cited by 91
“Roza and Shizgal (1984) report that δ=13.”
Restoration of menses with nonpharmacologic therapy in college athletes with menstrual disturbances: a 5-year retrospective study.
Arends, J., Cheung, M.-Y. C., Barrack, M., & Nattiv, A. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.98 · Cited by 91
Design and Development of Diabetes Management System Using Machine Learning
Sowah, R. A., Bampoe-Addo, A. A., Armoo, S. K., Saalia, F. K., Gatsi, F., & Sarkodie-Mensah, B. (2020) · International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications · doi:10.1155/2020/8870141 · Cited by 89
Energy metabolism in acute hepatic failure
Schneeweiß, B., Pammer, J., Ratheiser, K., Schneider, B., Madl, C., Kramer, L., Kranz, A., Ferenci, P., Druml, W., Grimm, G., et al. (1993) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90159-a · Cited by 88
The Ontogeny of Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulatory Capabilities of Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus Ursinus, Pups in Air and Water
Donohue, M., da Costa, D. P., Goebel, M. E., & Baker, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.203.6.1003 · Cited by 90
Consumption of milk protein or whey protein results in a similar increase in muscle protein synthesis in middle aged men
Mitchell, C., McGregor, R., D’Souza, R., Thorstensen, E., Markworth, J., Fanning, A., Poppitt, S., & Cameron-Smith, D. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7105420 · Cited by 87
“The results obtained from the DXA scan were then used to estimate the participants’ energy requirements using the Harris-Benedict equation [29] and calculate the isotope infusion rate.”
Method
Influence of combined resistance training and healthy diet on muscle mass in healthy elderly women: a randomized controlled trial
Strandberg, E., Edholm, P., Ponsot, E., Wåhlin‐Larsson, B., Hellmén, E., Nilsson, A. E., Engfeldt, P., Cederholm, T., Risérus, U., & Kadi, F. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00066.2015 · Cited by 90
Predictive Versus Measured Energy Expenditure Using Limits‐of‐Agreement Analysis in Hospitalized, Obese Patients
Glynn, C., Greene, G. W., Winkler, M. F., & Albina, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607199023003147 · Cited by 85
Which REE prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese women?
Siervo, M. (2003) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1054/clnu.2002.0625 · Cited by 86
Changes in Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Humans During a 2-Year Period of Dietary Restriction in Biosphere 2
Verdery, R. B., & Walford, R. L. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.8.900 · Cited by 79
“Basal energy expenditure (BEE) was calculated from weight, height, age, and sex by means of the Harris-Benedict equation.(12) Total energy expenditure (TEE) was estimated by 2 techniques: calculation of work-associated energy expenditure, and calculation of the energy deficit needed to produce observed changes in weig…”
Method
Bedside quantification of dead-space fraction using routine clinical data in patients with acute lung injury: secondary analysis of two prospective trials
Siddiki, H. A., Vukoja, M. K., Li, G., et al. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9206 · Cited by 78
“2 is the estimated production of CO2 calculated from the predicted resting energy expenditure equation (REE) [15-18], also known as modified Harris Benedict equation [19].”
Method
Caloric requirements in total parenteral nutrition.
Foster, G., Knox, L., Dempsey, D. T., & Mullen, J. L. (1987) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720186 · Cited by 77
Energy expenditure and body composition in patients with anorexia nervosa
Vaisman, N., Rossi, M., Goldberg, E., Dibden, L., Wykes, L., & Pencharz, P. B. (1988) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80032-5 · Cited by 77
Towards Automatic Meal Plan Recommendations for Balanced Nutrition
Elsweiler, D., & Harvey, M. (2015) · ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys) · doi:10.1145/2792838.2799665 · Cited by 79
“We calculate nutritional requirements for a given persona using a version of the Harris-Benedict equation revised by Roza and Shizgal [10] which estimates an individual’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) and daily calorie requirements.”
Method
Effect of dietary weight loss on menstrual regularity in obese young adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Marzouk, T. M., & Sayed Ahmed, W. A. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.01.002 · Cited by 73
Weight loss prior to pregnancy and subsequent gestational weight gain: Prepare, a randomized clinical trial
LeBlanc, E. S., Smith, N. X., Vesco, K. K., Paul, I. M., & Stevens, V. J. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.027 · Cited by 76
Using Deep Learning for Energy Expenditure Estimation with wearable sensors
Zhu, J., Pande, A., Mohapatra, P., & Han, J. J. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom) · doi:10.1109/healthcom.2015.7454554 · Cited by 78
“BMR is calculated according to revised HarrisBenedict formula [19], which takes into account the gender of subject.”
Method
Measuring Longitudinally the Metabolic Demands of Stroke Patients
Finestone, H. M., Greene-Finestone, L. S., Foley, N. C., et al. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000053031.12332.fb · Cited by 73
“5 to 7 1640 315 (30) 1594 321 (28) 1624 305 (18)”
Early evening light mitigates sleep compromising physiological and alerting responses to subsequent late evening light
te Kulve, M., Schlangen, L. J. M., & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52352-w · Cited by 71
Omega 3 fatty acids induce a marked reduction of apolipoprotein B48 when added to fluvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes and mixed hyperlipidemia: a preliminary report
Valdivielso, P., Rioja, J., García-Arias, C., Sánchez-Chaparro, M. Á., & González‐Santos, P. (2009) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-8-1 · Cited by 72
“This diet was 600 kcal below the basic calorie needs, as calculated by the Harris and Benedict equation [9].”
PaCO2 and alveolar dead space are more relevant than PaO2/FiO2 ratio in monitoring the respiratory response to prone position in ARDS patients: a physiological study
Charron, C., Repessé, X., Bouferrache, K., Bodson, L., Castro, S., Page, B., Jardin, F., & Vieillard‐Baron, A. (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10324 · Cited by 71
“The method is based on CO2 production calculated from the Harris-Benedict equation [19] and on the expired minute ventilation.”
Method
Malabsorption and nutritional balance in the ICU: fecal weight as a biomarker: a prospective observational pilot study
Wierdsma, N., Peters, J., Weijs, P. J. M., Keur, M. B., Girbes, A. R. J., Bodegraven, A. A. V., & Beishuizen, A. (2011) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc10530 · Cited by 68
“Based on current literature, optimal energy needs can be calculated from measured resting energy expenditure (REE) + 10% [16,17].”
Background
Twice as High Diet-Induced Thermogenesis After Breakfast vs Dinner On High-Calorie as Well as Low-Calorie Meals
Richter, J., Herzog, N., Janka, S., Baumann, T., Kistenmacher, A., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz311 · Cited by 71
Uncoupled skeletal muscle mitochondria contribute to hypermetabolism in severely burned adults
Porter, C. C., Herndon, D. N., Børsheim, E., Chao, T., Reidy, P. T., Borack, M. S., Rasmussen, B. B., Chondronikola, M., Saraf, M. K., & Sidossis, L. S. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2014 · Cited by 67
“This was compared with predicted REE, which was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equations (17).”
Effect of Weight Loss with or without Exercise on Inflammatory Markers and Adipokines in Postmenopausal Women: The SHAPE-2 Trial, A Randomized Controlled Trial
van Gemert, W. A., May, A. M., Schuit, A. J., Oosterhof, B. Y. M., Peeters, P. H. M., & Monninkhof, E. M. (2016) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1065 · Cited by 66
“The diet was prescribed by a study dietitian, after exploring the individuals’ dietary history, body weight and physical activity level to assess energy needs(19).”
Method
Revised Harris–Benedict Equation: New Human Resting Metabolic Rate Equation
Pavlidou, E., Papadopoulou, S. Κ., Seroglou, K., et al. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13020189 · Cited by 65
“Thus, the term REE is used by the Harris–Benedict [5,6], Roza and Shizgal [7], and Mifflin–St Jeor [8] equations; the term BMR by the FAO/WHO/UNU equations [9]; and the term RMR by the OWEN equations [10].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Efficacy of Nutritional Intervention in Elderly After Hip Fracture: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Wyers, C. E., Reijven, P. L. M., Breedveld-Peters, J. J. L., Denissen, K. F. M., Schotanus, M. G. M., DONGEN, M. C. J. M. V., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Heyligers, I. C., van den Brandt, P. A., Willems, P. C. P. H., et al. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly030 · Cited by 65
“Energy requirement after hip fracture was calculated according to Harris–Benedict (26), with 20 per cent surcharge for metabolic stress and, if indicated, a surcharge for activity or desired body weight increase (maximum total surcharge: 40 per cent).”
Method
Insights into the thermal comfort of different naturally ventilated buildings of Darjeeling, India – Effect of gender, age and BMI
Thapa, S. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.003 · Cited by 65
Assessment of brain function in adolescent anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain
Bradley, S. J., Taylor, M. J., ROVET, J. F., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639708403833 · Cited by 65
Energy Expenditure during Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Bouffard, Y., Delafosse, B. X., Annat, G. J., et al. (1989) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/014860718901300126 · Cited by 65
Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional football players in the Dutch Premier League: Implications for nutritional counselling
Brinkmans, N. Y. J., Iedema, N., Plasqui, G., Wouters, L., Saris, W. H. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & van Dijk, J. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1576256 · Cited by 64
“The BMR was calculated according to the revised Harris Benedict Equation (Roza & Shizgal, 1984).”
Method
International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition
Gonzalez, D. E., McAllister, M. J., Waldman, H. S., Ferrando, A. A., Joyce, J., Barringer, N., Dawes, J. J., Kieffer, A. J., Harvey, T. M., Kerksick, C. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2022.2086017 · Cited by 76

Authors: Roza, A. M., & Shizgal, H. M.
Corresponding author: Shizgal, H M
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1984-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
Pages: 168-182
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/40.1.168
OpenAlex: W2125884465
Semantic Scholar: 379f53c98ea8429493ffe111f85b57dd87adcaeb
Cited by: 824
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 9.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Keywords: Harris-Benedict equation, resting energy expenditure, body cell mass, indirect calorimetry, resting oxygen consumption, malnutrition, body composition, load forecasting, regression equations, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Body Composition, Body Weight, Calorimetry, Indirect, Deficiency Diseases, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors

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The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass

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