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Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women
Open accessAbstract
Background Metabolic studies suggest that saturated fatty acids differ in their effects on blood lipids.Objective The objective was to examine the associations between intakes of individual saturated fatty acids and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).Design This was a prospective cohort study of 80082 women in the Nurses' Health Study aged 34-59 y. Subjects had no known cardiovascular disease, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes, and completed validated food-frequency questionnaires in 1980.Results During 14 y of follow-up, we documented 939 incident cases of major CHD events. In multivariate analyses in which age, smoking, and other covariates were controlled for, intakes of short- to medium-chain saturated fatty acids (4:0-10:0) were not significantly associated with the risk of CHD. In contrast, intakes of longer-chain saturated fatty acids (12:0-18:0) were each separately associated with a small increase in risk. The multivariate RR for a 1% energy increase from stearic acid was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.37). The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat was strongly and inversely associated with CHD risk (multivariate RR for a comparison of the highest with the lowest deciles: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.83; P for trend < 0.0001). Conversely, higher ratios of red meat to poultry and fish consumption and of high-fat to low-fat dairy consumption were associated with significantly greater risk.Conclusion A distinction between stearic acid and other saturated fats does not appear to be important in dietary advice to reduce CHD risk, in part because of the high correlation between stearic acid and other saturated fatty acids in typical diets.
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“Emerging evidence suggests that the effect of a saturated fat on CHD may depend on the type of fatty acid and the specific food source (i.e., dairy vs. meat) (160,161).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [161]
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“2 showed that high fat dairy consumption increased the incidence of CVD compared to the low fat dairy intake (20).”
Oliveira, C. M., Santos, J. G., & Sousa, R. G. C. (2020) · International Journal for Innovation Education and Research · doi:10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss12.2831 · Cited by 6
“They can also act as anti-inflammatories in neurodegenerative diseases, among other health benefits (Hu et al., 1999; Skulas-Ray, 2015).”
BackgroundZulfiqar, H., Ahmed, I., Farooq, M. F., Rani, I., Hussain, I., Zulfiqar, H., & Jan, A. (2023) · Journal of Chemistry and Environment · doi:10.56946/jce.v2i01.131 · Cited by 5
Chronic disease risk associated with different dietary saturated fatty acids
Givens, D. I., & Kliem, K. E. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857092472.1.98 · Cited by 4
Weinstein, J. A., Taylor, S. J., Rosenberg, M., & DePeters, E. J. (2015) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.12374 · Cited by 4
Nouvelle approche pour les recommandations nutritionnelles en lipides
Legrand, P. (2013) · Oléagineux Corps gras Lipides · doi:10.1051/ocl.2013.0502 · Cited by 5
“Les autres AG satur es (Hu, 1999 ; Yu, 1995), en particulier les chaı̂nes courtes et moyennes, n’ont pas d’effet d el et ere connu et plutôt même des effets favorables pour certains d’entre eux (Legrand, 2008).”
BackgroundIbraheem, Z. O., Satar, M., Abdullah, N. A., Rathore, H. A., Tan, Y. C., Uldin, F., Basri, R., Abdullah, M. H., & John, E. J. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 4
NUTRICEUTICALS AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IN WOMEN
Fahs, P. S., & Faucher, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1016/s1526-9523(02)00235-0 · Cited by 4
Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil as Raw Material for Biobased Materials
Cheng, H. N., Rau, M. W., Dowd, M., Easson, M. W., & Condon, B. (2013) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2013-1144.ch024 · Cited by 4
Dietary patterns and coronary heart disease risk
Erlinger, T. P., & Appel, L. J. (2005) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0014 · Cited by 4
Cherem, A. D. R., Tramonte, V. L. C. G., Fett, R., & Dokkum, W. V. (2007) · TNO Repository · Cited by 4
Veeramani, A. (2015) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 4
Pentadecanoic acid (15:0), milk, and ischemic heart disease
Elwood, P. C., FEHILY, A. M., Pickering, J. E., & Givens, D. I. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1540 · Cited by 4
Dairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men: A Prospective Study
Choi, H. K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.9.997 · Cited by 3
Grupos de alimentos para investigação de risco para diabetes tipo 2 e doenças associadas
Nishimura, R., Damião, R., Gimeno, S. G. A., Ferreira, S. R. G., & Sartorelli, D. S. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/s1415-790x2011000300017 · Cited by 2
Usefulness of a Short Dietary Propensity Questionnaire in Japan
Okuda, N., Itai, K., & Okayama, A. (2017) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.42226 · Cited by 3
The Warning on Saturated Fat: From Defective Experiments to Defective Guidelines
Dayrit, F. M. (2017) · KIMIKA · doi:10.26534/kimika.v28i2.42-47 · Cited by 3
“A dietary study of 80,082 women in the US Nurses’ Health Study, aged 34–59 years, with a 14-year follow-up, failed to come up with an unambiguous conclusion on the link between saturated fat and CHD (Hu et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCardiovascular Risk: Assumptions, Limitations, and Research
Τσούπρας, Α., Lordan, R., & Zabetakis, I. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813792-5.00007-0 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Ascherio, A., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1001-1008
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150396523
- Cited by
- 661
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 9.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL24074, HL34594, R01HL034594)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-40356)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- saturated fatty acids, coronary artery disease, women, stearic acid, long-chain saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio, dietary fat intake, food sources, red meat consumption, milk fat, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Coronary Disease, Dairy Products, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Meat, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Women's Health
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