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Cited by 174Muscle metabolism and nutritionExercise and Physiological ResponsesCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Physical activity as a metabolic stressor

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Coyle, Edward F·2000·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.512s
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Abstract

Both physical activity and diet stimulate processes that, over time, alter the morphologic composition and biochemical function of the body. Physical activity provides stimuli that promote very specific and varied adaptations according to the type, intensity, and duration of exercise performed. There is further interest in the extent to which diet or supplementation can enhance the positive stimuli. Prolonged walking at low intensity presents little metabolic, hormonal, or cardiovascular stress, and the greatest perturbation from rest appears to be from increased fat oxidation and plasma free fatty acid mobilization resulting from a combination of increased lipolysis and decreased reesterification. More intense jogging or running largely stimulates increased oxidation of glycogen and triacylglycerol, both of which are stored directly within the muscle fibers. Furthermore, these intramuscular stores of carbohydrate and fat appear to be the primary substrates for the enhanced oxidative and performance ability derived from endurance training-induced increases in muscle mitochondrial density. Weightlifting that produces fatigue in brief periods (ie, in 15-90 s and after 15 repetitive contractions) elicits a high degree of motor unit recruitment and muscle fiber stimulation. This is a remarkably potent stimulus for altering protein synthesis in muscle and increasing neuromuscular function. The metabolic stress of physical activity can be measured by substrate turnover and depletion, cardiovascular response, hormonal perturbation, accumulation of metabolites, or even the extent to which the synthesis and degradation of specific proteins are altered, either acutely or by chronic exercise training.

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  • Carbohydrates, fat and protein supply the energy requirements for the human body, enabling the resynthesis of ATP.

    “Whether directly (daily feeding) or indirectly (endogenous stores), carbohydrates, fat and protein supply the energy requirements for the human body enabling the resynthesis of ATP [26,27].”

    From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [26]

  • The importance of other extra-muscular carbohydrate sources (e.g., liver glycogen and lactate) is profound when performing prolonged exercise.

    “Although muscle glycogen plays a central role in energy metabolism during moderate to high intensity exercise, the importance of other extra-muscular carbohydrate sources (e.g., liver glycogen and lactate) is profound when performing prolonged exercise [26].”

    From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [26]

  • Carbohydrates are a preferred substrate during moderate to high-intensity exercise and are likely to determine exercise capacity during such endurance activities.

    “Although carbohydrates are a preferred substrate during moderate to high-intensity exercise and are likely to determine exercise capacity during such endurance activities [26,131]”

    From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [26]

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Authors
Coyle, E. F.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author
Coyle, Edward F
ORCID
Coyle, Edward F
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2000-08
Volume
72
Issue
2
Pages
512S-520S
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/ajcn/72.2.512s
OpenAlex
W2139093186
Cited by
174
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
FWCI
1.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
physical activity, metabolic stress, exercise training, substrate turnover, fat oxidation, lipolysis, triacylglycerol oxidation, mitochondrial density, muscle protein synthesis, neuromuscular function, endurance training, resistance training, dietary supplementation, endocrine response, cardiovascular response
MeSH terms
Adenosine Triphosphate, Adult, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular System, Fatty Acids, Glycogen, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Stress, Physiological, Triglycerides, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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